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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

Density

The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance

Density = Mass/Volume

Units are g/cm^3 or kg/m^3

Profit and Loss

Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price

Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price

Profit % = Profit/Cost Price x 100%

Loss % = Loss/Cost Price x 100%

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Teaching Polynomials and Partial Fraction

S4 – Teaching Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

O-Level Additional Mathematics Tutor

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Electromagnetic Waves – Key Concepts

1. Some useful applications of electromagnetic waves include:

(a) Gramma-rays in radiation therapy (or cancer treatment)
(b) X-rays in medical (X-ray images) and everyday applications (X-ray scanners)
(c) Ultraviolet radiation in sunbeds and sterilisation of medical equipment
(d) Visible light in optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications
(e) Infrared radiation in remote controllers and intruder alarms
(f) Microwaves in microwave ovens and satellite television
(g) Radio waves in radio and television communications

2. Some effects of absorption of electromagnetic waves by humans include:

(a) Infrared heating
(b) Damage to different tissues and organs of the human body due to ionising radiation

From O level Physics Tutor

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Electromagnetic Waves – Key Concepts

1. Some useful applications of electromagnetic waves include:

(a) Gramma-rays in radiation therapy (or cancer treatment)
(b) X-rays in medical (X-ray images) and everyday applications (X-ray scanners)
(c) Ultraviolet radiation in sunbeds and sterilisation of medical equipment
(d) Visible light in optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications
(e) Infrared radiation in remote controllers and intruder alarms
(f) Microwaves in microwave ovens and satellite television
(g) Radio waves in radio and television communications

2. Some effects of absorption of electromagnetic waves by humans include:

(a) Infrared heating
(b) Damage to different tissues and organs of the human body due to ionising radiation

From O level Physics Tutor

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J1 H1/H2 Economics Tuition Students

Microeconomics Topic 2.2 : Government Intervention in the Market

H2 Syllabus :

• Methods by which government intervene in markets and the impact on market outcomes

H2 Learning Outcome :

• Examine the various methods by which governments intervene in markets
1. Welfare
1.1 Consumer Surplus
Consumer surplus is the gain by consumers when they pay less for a good or service than they had been prepared to pay for it. It can be calculated by taking the difference between (i) the total amount that consumers are willing and able to pay for a given quantity of good or service and (ii) the total amount that they actually pay for that same quantity of good or service.

The demand curve for a good or service not only shows us the quantity of good or service that consumers would buy at each price. It also shows the highest price consumers are prepared to pay for that particular unit of good or service.

Take the example of the demand for potatoes below :
Points Price ($ per kg) Total market demand (kg)
A 2 44
B 4 26
C 6 14
D 8 8
E 10 6
The consumers are prepared to pay $10 per kg for the first 6 kg of potatoes, but only $8 per kg for the next 2 kg of potatoes. The consumers are prepared to pay $6 per kg for the next ______kg of potatoes, $4 per kg for the next ______ kg of potatoes and $2 per kg for the next ______ kg of potatoes.

! Stop and Think :
How much are the consumers willing to spend for the first 6 kg of
potatoes? How much are they willing to spend to buy 8 kg of potatoes? How much are they willing to spend to buy 14 kg of potatoes?

If the market equilibrium price is $6 per kg, how much will the consumers pay in total for buying 14kg of potatoes?

Total Amount Spent by Consumers to buy 14 kg of potatoes = 6 X 14 = $84

Total Amount Consumers are willing to pay for 14 kg of potatoes
= (10 X 6) + (8 X 2) + (6 X 6) = $112

Consumer Surplus = 112 – 84 = $28

Consumer Surplus = Total Amount that Consumers are Prepared to Pay
– Total Amount that Consumers actually Paid.

Depicting this graphically, consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the market equilibrium price.

For complete lesson notes please contact Mr Ong 29863 9633

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Chapter 13 – Salts

1. Salts can be prepared using the following methods:

Solubility of the salt in water – soluble
Solubility of the starting materials in water – one is insoluble
Method of preparation – reaction of aids, with metals, insoluble bases or insoluble carbonates
_________________________________________________________________________

Solubility of the salt in water – soluble
Solubility of the starting materials in water – soluble
Method of preparation – titration of solids with alkalis or soluble carbonates
__________________________________________________________________________

Solubility of the salt in water – insoluble
Solubility of the starting materials in water – soluble
Method of preparation – precipitation
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Filtration and crystallisation are important laboratory techniques used for the separation and purification of salt crystals

Contact Mr Ong @9863 9633 for much key ideas on salts

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Completed AP and GP lesson. Practice exam questions on Graphing Technique and

J2 – Practice GCE A level 2008 Paper 1. Teaching permutations and combinations next week

From A level Math Tutors

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Alternating Current – Definitions

1. Peak value of an alternating current is defined as the maximum possible value of the alternating current
2. Root mean square current from an AC source is the current which will produce the same heating effect in a resistive load as the steady current from a DC source.
3. Rectification is a process of converting an alternating current to a direct current (flowing in one direction)

Sample Explanation Questions

1. What is a diode?
A diode is an electrical device with two terminals that allows current to flow through it in one direction only.
2. Explain the use of a single diode for the half – wave rectification of an alternating current.

Diode allows current to flow when forward biased, and disallow current to flow when reversed biased.

Current which flows in one direction is called rectified current.
Hence, when an AC supply is connected in a circuit that consists of a single diode and a resistor in series, only the rectified current can flow through the resistor.

For complete summary, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

Chemical Bonding Part 1 FAQ

What are Chemical bonds?

– Binding forces of attraction between particles (atoms, ions or molecules) resulting in a lower energy arrangement.
– The formation of a bond involves the re-distribution of the outer electrons of the atoms concerned.

What is the Octet Rule?

Atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence
electrons. Atoms try to achieve the same number of electrons as the noble gases closest to
them in the Periodic Table.
All noble gases (with the exception of helium) have eight valence electrons. They have very
stable electronic arrangements. Evidence of stability of noble gases:
– high ionisation energy
– low affinity for additional electrons
– general lack of reactivity

However, there are many exceptions to the octet rule. Nevertheless, it provides a useful framework for introducing many important concepts of bonding.

Why is it that both NCl3 and PCl3 exist, but only PCl5 exist and not NCl5?

Such expansion of octet is observed in some compounds formed by elements of Period 3 (and beyond) This is due to the availability of vacant, low-lying orbitals. The energy required to promote an electron from 3s or 3p to 3d is not very large.

However elements in Period 2 (e.g. O and N) do not have low-lying vacant orbitals for expansion of octet. Promotion of electrons to the next quantum shell requires too much energy and hence Period 2 elements can accommodate only a maximum of eight valence electrons.

Explain which bond is stronger, C—H or Si—H.

C—H bond is stronger since C is smaller than Si so that valence
orbital of C is less diffuse and overlap of its valence orbital with that
of H is more effective.

From A Level Chemistry/JC Chemistry Tutors

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

GP Overall Structure

GP essays are argumentative essays.

An argumentative essay is different from an expository essay. An expository essay aims mainly to explain a topic. An argumentative essay is one in which the writer attempts to change the minds of his readers by persuasion. The writer takes a clear stand on an issue for which there is no clear answer. Usually, the topic is controversial in nature. The stand is clearly indicated in the THESIS which appears in the introduction of the essay (usually at the end and sometimes, at the beginning or the middle of the paragraph).

An important feature of an argumentative essay is that the writer also shows awareness that there may be others who may not agree with his views and seeks to refute their views by showing how their views are wrong, not as good as his or just as good. Refer to the section on balance for more help in this area.

Let’s be realistic—some considerations from the viewpoint of the marker

Time management: You only have one and a half hours to choose your question, plan a response and write your essay.

Marker’s expectations:

Answering the question you choose
You must ensure that you choose a question you can handle. Seek your tutor’s advice with regard to this.

An essay that does not address the question, however well-expressed, does not get a total mark of more than 22 out of 50.

The basic structure of an essay
The basic expectations you must fulfil are that you show in the given time your ability to craft a basic argument with all the necessary ingredients. Your markers are not expecting you to write copiously—5 to 6 good paragraphs are what most students can produce in the given time. Plan with this in mind.

All in all, ensure that your essay is coherent.

Essay Structure—Coherence

Coherence refers to how the ideas in an essay fit together so well, they form a united whole. In this section, we are interested in exploring how the whole essay “hangs together” such that there is a very obvious and strong argument running through the whole essay.

Coherence is one of the key areas the markers look out for when awarding marks for content (whether the stand taken is argued in a sustained fashion throughout the essay) and for language (whether there is clear paragraphing and inter-paragraph linkage).

One of the most effective ways to ensure that there is coherence in your essay is to address the given question clearly and directly by means of a thesis statement which is followed by topic sentences which are phrased in such a way there is little doubt they are all linked inextricably to the thesis.

The recommended place for the topic sentence is right at the start of each paragraph.

Coherent essays also contain good inter-paragraph linkage. This can be achieved with the use of appropriate connectives (refer to Year 1 GP Package File Page ) and/or the repetition of key words (from the question) and synonyms (related to the key topic). You may even wish to start your topic sentence by introducing a phrase referring back to the previous paragraph:

Eg. While it is true that the use of technology helps a country to achieve economic progress, on a more personal level, it also helps to improve relations between people.

Essay Structure –Some Possibilities

The following may be helpful for your consideration.

Possibility 1:

Paragraph 1: Introduction (Compulsory element: thesis)
Paragraph 2: Topic Sentence 1 highlighting the main idea to be discussed followed by the Explanation, Exemplification and Evaluation
Paragraph 3: As above
Paragraph 4: Refuting your opponent’s most obvious/ most likely/ most significant opposition to your point.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion (Compulsory to restate your thesis)

Possibility 2:

Paragraph 1: Introduction (Compulsory element: thesis)
Paragraph 2: Refuting your opponent’s most obvious/ most likely/ most significant opposition to your point. Start by introducing your opponent’s point and then spend the bulk of your paragraph refuting it. The statement introducing your refutation is Topic Sentence 1.
Paragraph 3: Topic Sentence 2 highlighting the main idea to be discussed followed by the Explanation, Exemplification and Evaluation
Paragraph 4: As above
Paragraph 5: Conclusion (Compulsory to restate your thesis)

Possibility 3:

Paragraph 1: Introduction (Compulsory element: thesis)
Paragraph 2: Refuting your opponent’s most obvious/ most likely/ most significant opposition to your point. Start by introducing your opponent’s point and then spend the bulk of your paragraph refuting it. The statement introducing your refutation is Topic Sentence 1.
Paragraph 3: As above (only this time you may want to introduce the next most likely . . .point.)
Paragraph 4: As above (only this time you may want to introduce the next most likely . . .point.)
Paragraph 5: Conclusion (Compulsory to restate your thesis)

Frankly, this third model can be difficult to sustain and it is often wiser to use a variety of paragraph structures if you wish to add variety to your essay. Do this only if you have a sufficiently good grasp of the basic structure of the argumentative essay. Consult your tutor with regard to your readiness to try out a more varied structure for your essay.

Possibility 4:

Paragraph 1: Introduction (Compulsory element: thesis)
Paragraph 2: Topic Sentence 1 highlighting the main idea to be discussed followed by the Explanation, Exemplification and Evaluation of the point without alluding to any other opinions
Paragraph 3: Refuting your opponent’s most obvious/ most likely/ most significant opposition to your point. Start by introducing your opponent’s point and then spend the bulk of your paragraph refuting it. The statement introducing your refutation is Topic Sentence 2.
Paragraph 4: Topic Sentence 3 highlighting the main idea to be discussed followed by the Explanation and Exemplification followed by Evaluation of the point by alluding to a point raised by the opposition which you then refute.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion (Compulsory to restate your thesis)

A Level GP Tuition

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Electromagnetic Waves

Some useful applications of electromagnetic waves include:

(a) Gamma-rays in radiation therapy (or cancer treatment)
(b) X-rays in medical (X-ray images) and everyday applications (X-ray scanners)
(c) Ultraviolet radiation in sunbeds and sterilisation of medical equipment
(d) Visible light in optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications
(e) Infrared radiation in remote controllers and intruder alarms
(f) Microwaves in microwave ovens and satellite television
(g) Radio waves in radio and television communications

From O Level Physics Tutor

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Electromagnetic Waves

Some useful applications of electromagnetic waves include:

(a) Gamma-rays in radiation therapy (or cancer treatment)
(b) X-rays in medical (X-ray images) and everyday applications (X-ray scanners)
(c) Ultraviolet radiation in sunbeds and sterilisation of medical equipment
(d) Visible light in optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications
(e) Infrared radiation in remote controllers and intruder alarms
(f) Microwaves in microwave ovens and satellite television
(g) Radio waves in radio and television communications

From O Level Physics Tutor

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

Units

Length
1 m = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m

Area
1 m^2 = 100^2 cm^2
1 km^2 = 1000^2 m^2
1 hectare = 100^2 m^2
1 km^2 = 100 hectares

Volume
1 m^3 = 100^3 cm^3
1 litre = 1000 ml = 1000 cm^3

Mass
1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg
1 tonne = 1000 kg

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

Simple Identities

sec x = 1/cos x
cosec x = 1/sin x
Cot x = 1/tan x

sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1
1 + tan^2 x = sec^2 x
1 + cot^2 x = cosec^2 x

O-Level Additional Mathematics Tutor

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J2 H1/H2 Economics Tuition Students

March Lesson Plan

March 16 — Revise macroeconomic policies via the use of case studies and essays. The policies covered include fiscal policy, monetary policy, exchange rate policy and supply side policies, together with their limitations and evaluations. We will also look at how these policies are implemented and to what extent are they useful to Singapore’s context.

March 23 — Revise microeconomic policies via the use of case studies and essays, (Subjected to changes, depending on progress of previous class and topics to be tested in March Block Test of various JCs)

March 30 — Revise important macroeconomic concepts — mulitplier, theory of comparative advantage, AD-AS and four macroeconomic goals, meaning of national income, BOP and its contents, Marshal-Lerner Condition, J-curve effect, and crowding out effect.

A-level Economics Tutor

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