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Chapter 15 – Electrolysis

1. An electrolyte is a compound that conducts electricity in the molten state or in aqueous state.

2. A cathode is a negatively charged electrode. An anode is a positively charged electrode.

3. Positively charged ions are called cations and negatively charged ions are called anions.

4. The decomposition of a compound by electricity is called electrolysis.

5. During the electrolysis, cations move towards the cathode while the anions move towards the anode.

6. Redox reactions take place at the electrodes. Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Teaching Mathematical Induction and practice exam questions

J2 – Teaching Probability and practice exam questions

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Quantum Physics – Definitions

1. Photon is a quantum of electromagnetic radiation.

2. Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where electrons are liberated from the surface of a metal when the metallic surface is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation of high enough frequency.

3. Threshold frequency of a metal is the frequency of the incident electromagnetic radiation below which no electrons can be liberated from the metal surface.

4. Work function enrgy of a metal is the minimum energy required to liberate an electron from the surface of the metal.

5. A potential barrier is a region within which the potential energy of the particle is much higher than that immediately outside it.

6. Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon where a particle can appear outside a potential barrier, even though the total energy of the particle is lower than the barrier height.

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

HOW TO WRITE AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION

An Introduction must do two things for the essay: address the concerns (key terms as well as relationship between terms) of the essay question and be interesting.

Generic points
Always state your THESIS/STAND clearly to your reader
Show that you have understanding (by defining) of the nuances/connotations of the terms in question
Display relevant and current background knowledge of the topic
If the topic is too broad (the media), try to delimit the topic by stating the context of your discussion (newspapers and TV)
Give a direction on how the essay will be developed subsequently.

Summary
A good introduction is not beyond the reach of many. It does require a display of enthusiasm on the part of the writer (excitement is contagious!) and a willingness to practice. A final point to remember is that it must FIT the body of the essay so that interest created in the introduction is sustained for the rest of the essay. A good introduction therefore must lead naturally to the details and explanations of your thesis.

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Sound – Key Concepts

1. Sound is produced by vibrating sources placed in a medium.

2. A sound wave is an example of a longitudinal wave and comprises of a series of compressions and rarefactions in the medium.

3. There are three types of graphs to describe sound waves i.e. pressure-distance graph, displacement-distance graph and displacement-time graph.

4. Ultrasound are sound waves that have frequencies above 20 kHz.

5. Some uses of ultrasound include quality control and prenatal scanning

6. Pitch is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of frequency.

7. Loudness is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of amplitude.

8. Pitch is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of frequency.

9. Loudness is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of amplitude.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Sound – Key Concepts

1. Sound is produced by vibrating sources placed in a medium.

2. A sound wave is an example of a longitudinal wave and comprises of a series of compressions and rarefactions in the medium.

3. There are three types of graphs to describe sound waves i.e. pressure-distance graph, displacement-distance graph and displacement-time graph.

4. Ultrasound are sound waves that have frequencies above 20 kHz.

5. Some uses of ultrasound include quality control and prenatal scanning

6. Pitch is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of frequency.

7. Loudness is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of amplitude.

8. Pitch is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of frequency.

9. Loudness is a subjective quantity that is related to the objective quantity of amplitude.

From O level Physics Tutor

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Teaching Modulus Function

S4 – Teaching Integration

O-Level Additional Mathematics Tutor

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

Simple Interest

I = (PRT)/100

I = simple interest
P = principal amount
R = interest rate per annum
T = period of time in year

Compound Interest

Example
Mr Lim took a loan of $10,000 from a bank for 3 years at a rate of 8%. What is the compound interest?

First year, 1000*8/100 = $80
Second year, 1080*8/100 = $86.40
Third year, 1166.4*8/100 = $93.312

Compound interest = 80+86.40+93.312 = $259.712

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Chapter 14 – Metal

1. The physical properties of metals are as follows:
– Usually have high densities, melting points and boiling points.
– Can be bent, stretched or beaten into very thin sheets without breaking
– Good conductors of heat and electricity

2. Any alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or few other elements

3. There are four main reasons for making alloys
– To improve the strength and hardness of metals.
– To improve the appearance of metals.
– To improve the resistance of metals against corrosion.
– To lower the melting points of metals.

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

Guide for writing Paper 1

Receiving the Question Paper

Question Selection (5 mins)

a) Identify the topics that you have studied for by looking at the topical terms
i) Do you know current issues pertaining to this topic?
ii) Do you have at least 3 concrete examples?
b) Identify the generic concepts that are familiar to you
c) Identify questions that contain clear assumptions you can address
d) Pick the question that is left!

Starting Out

Sample Question: Has enough been done to score an “A” in General Paper?
1. Perform a detailed question analysis (10 mins)
a) Clarify the key topical terms
i) What are the current issues to do with this term?
ii) What are various understandings of this term?
iii) Are there any examples that can best illustrate this term? [This will be useful in crafting general statements (GSs)]
iv) Is this in line with the key generic concept? [Remember: The topical term ‘Education’ is usually defined by its function because of the generic concept used]
b) Clarify the key generic concept [Revise generic concepts and approaches]
i) What is the approach demanded by the concept?
ii) What must you SHOW to agree/disagree with the question?
iii) Come up with a list of approaches
[Eg. To show that something is ‘enough’: Show that there are limitations to our efforts and that these limitations cannot be overcome within our abilities]
*If there are many requirements, it is likely that the approach has to be carried out between paragraphs. **If there are few requirements, it is likely that the approach has to be carried out within a paragraph.
c) Identify the assumptions
i) Apply the 5W 1H Approach [Use this to guide your generation of GSs]
d) Identify the possible POVs (Stands) you can take
i) What is the variable of the question? [There is usually only one and it is usually the main generic concept]
2. Plan your essay (10 mins)
a) Come up with at least 5 Topic Sentences (TSs)
b) Categorise them into acknowledgements and arguments that prove your ultimate stand
c) List at least 1 example for each TS (ie. it has to illustrate the TS not just something to do with the topic or generic concept used)
d) Organise your TSs beforehand to avoid contradictions.
i) (+, +, +, -, -)
ii) (-, +, +, +, +) etcetera

Writing the Essay

1. Introduction

a) General Statements Deal with the assumptions to highlight the significance of the issue.
Choose one to two ways of showing this:
 Provide a clarification of key terms relevant to the issue/generic concept
 Provide quotes and a following ‘wrap-up’ to link it back to the issue
 Provide examples that illustrate the significance of the issue
 Provide points of view (POVs) and discuss explicitly the significance of the issue
b) Thesis Statement
• Provide an acknowledgement (the view you don’t quite agree with as much)
• Provide your ultimate stand (the view you agree with more)
• Provide some clarification: Why do you not agree as much with the one view? Why do you agree more with another view? What are the conditions you are going to consider?
c) Brief Overview of Arguments
Provide a summary of your TSs.
[Ask: “How am I going to prove my ultimate stand?”]
*If you have a clear thesis statement and you’ve already discussed the significance of the issue quite extensively, this is not needed.

2. Body Paragraphs

a) Topic Sentences
i) Does this provide a reason for your stand?
ii) Have I engaged all the key terms of the question?
iii) Do I have clear transitional phrases to distinguish between my supporting, counter and rebuttal paragraphs?
b) Reasoning
i) Have I explained ‘Why/How/When/For Whom’ something happens?
ii) Can I keep asking why/how/when/for whom?
c) Examples
i) Does the example illustrate the reasoning?
ii) Is the example a concrete one?
(“For example, there are many poor people in China” – is not a concrete example!)
iii) Have I used the key words of the TS to provide coherence?
d) Link back to the TS
i) What have I shown in this paragraph and with the example especially?

3. Conclusion Paragraph

a) Have I summarized the arguments presented earlier?
b) Can I provide an insight or afterthought?
[This provides the (rarely observed in the present moment) conditions that would allow the acknowledgment to be true]
c) Have I reiterated my ultimate stand?

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

J1 – Teaching forces and dynamics part 3

J2 – Practice AC exam papers questions and start teaching quantum physics

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Teaching inequalities and follow by exam papers practice

J2 – Practice permutations and combinations exam questions

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

Apr Lesson Plan – J2

Nitrogen Compounds – Lecture Outline

1. Amines
1.1 Introduction and Classification of Amines
1.2 Nomenclature
1.3 Physical properties of amines
1.3.1 Physical Properties of aliphatic amines
1.3.2 Physical Properties of Phenylamine
1.4 Basicity of Amines
1.4.1 Relative Basicity of Ammonia
1.5 Preparation of amines
1.5.1 Reduction of Nitrile Compound
1.5.2 Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenoalkane
1.5.3 Reduction of nitrobenzene
1.6 Reactions of Amines
1.6.1 Reaction of amine as a base
1.6.2 Acylation of amines
1.6.3 Reaction of Phenylamines with Bromine

2. Amides
2.1 General properties
2.2 Preparation of Amides
2.3 Reactions of Amides
2.3.1 Hydrolysis of Amides
2.4 Chemical test: Distinguishing Amides, Ammonium salts and Amines

3. Amino Acids
3.1 General Properties of amino acids
3.2 Physical properties
3.3 Separation of Amino Acids
3.4 Peptide Formation
3.5 Hydrolysis of Proteins or Polypeptides

4. Proteins
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of Amino acids
4.3 Types of R group interactions of Amino-acids
4.4 Peptides Formation
4.4.1 Formation of Peptide Bond
4.4.2 Hydrolysis of Peptide Bond
4.5 Structure of Proteins
4.5.1 Primary Structure of Proteins
4.5.2 Secondary Structure of Proteins
4.5.3 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
4.5.4 Quaternary Structures of Proteins
4.6 Denaturation of proteins

Electrochemistry Part 1 – Lecture Outline

1. Electrolytic cell
1.1 Definition
1.2 Set-up of electrolytic cell

2. Electrolysis of Compound
2.1 Electrolysis of Molten ionic Compound
2.2 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solution

3. Preferential Discharge: Factors affecting the discharge of ions
3.1 Position of ion in Redox Series (Electrode Potential)
3.2 Concentration of Ions
3.3 Nature of Electrodes

4. Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis

5. Calculation using Faraday’s Law

6. Industrial Application of Electrolysis
6.1 Electrolysis of brine (Saturated NaCl) using a diaphragm cell
6.2 Anodising of Aluminium
6.3 Electrolytic purification of Copper
6.4 Electroplating

Electrochemistry Part 2 Electrochemical Cell – Lecture Outline

1. Electrochemical Cell
1.1 Set-up
1.2 Cell Diagram / Cell Notation

2. Electrode Potential
2.1 Definition of Electrode Potential
2.2 Factors affecting Electrode Potential

3. Standard Electrode Potential
3.1 Definition of standard electrode potential:
3.2 Standard Hydrogen Electrode (S.H.E)
3.3 Measuring standard electrode potential, Eq
3.3.1. To determine Eq of metal – metal ion half-cell
3.3.2. To determine the of Eq non-metal (gaseous) – non-metal ion half
cell
3.3.3 To determine the of Eq of ion – ion half-cell
(ions of the same element in different oxidation states)

4. Standard Cell Potential (Eq cell or cell emf)

5. Redox Series (Electrode potential)

6. Application of REDOX Series (Electrode potential)
6.1. Determine the emf of Cell
6.2 Predict the reactivity of elements
6.3 Determine the strength of oxidizing and reducing reagents
6.4 Predict the relative stabilities of metallic ions in different oxidation states
6.5 Predict the feasibility of Redox Reactions

7. Limitation of Standard Electrode Potential

8. Batteries and Fuel Cell
8.1 Two main types of batteries
8.2 Fuel Cell

9. Comparing Electrochemical Cell and Electrolytic Cell

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Apr Lesson Plan – J1

Chemical Bonding – Lecture Outline

1. Introduction
2. Ionic Bonds
3. Metallic Bonds
4. Covalent Bonds
5. Shapes of Molecules
6. Partial Ionic and Partial Covalent Character
7. Polar and Non-polar Molecules
8. Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Gases – Lecture Outline

1 Introduction to Gases

2 The Gas Laws
2.1 Boyle’s Law
2.2 Charles’s Law
2.3 Combined Gas Law

3 Ideal Gas Law

4 Avogadro’s Law

5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

6 Kinetics Theory of Gases

Chemical Kinetics – Lecture Outline

1 Rate of Reaction

2 Rate Equations & Orders of Reaction
2.1 The Rate Law
2.2 Zero-Order Reactions
2.3 First-Order Reactions
2.4 Second-Order Reactions

3 Experiments for Studying Kinetics
3.1 Monitoring Concentration Changes
3.2 Deducing Order of Reaction
(a) Initial Rate method
(b) Inspection Method and Calculation Method

4 Reaction Mechanisms
4.1 Elementary & Non-Elementary Reactions
4.2 Reaction Mechanisms

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J2 H1/H2 Economics Tuition Students

Lessons plan for the month of Apr

April 6th: We will cover intricate details of supply-side policies, exchange rate policies. At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to understand how these policies solve economic problems of recession, unemployment, balance of payment imbalances and price instability. In addition, students will also appreciate their limitations and relative advantages compared to other policies in the context of Singapore

April 13th: In this lesson, we will spend considerable time understanding the full range of macroeconmic policies undertaken by Singapore’s government. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to answer A level questions requiring contextual knowledge regarding the local economy.

April 20th: This session will mark the beginning of another revision cycle. We will revisit the concepts, polices and formulae that was previously covered in past months, but with greater attention paid to real life examples. Students will be exposed to a rich content of case studies, which attempt to illustrate how macroeonomic concepts are used in real policy making processes. At the end of the lesson. students will have gain not only an awareness of how concepts are applied, but also when these concepts can be applied in A level questions.

April 27th: We will continue from where we left on April 20th.

In each session, students will receive a Content Package that summarises the key concepts, including real examination questions with full answers. This will ensure that students receive a balance between content and actual practice.

Finally, students are entitled to submit their essays, case studies attempts to the tutor for grading and evaluations. Students can expect to receive useful comments and learn important examination techniques through this consultation process.

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