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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Electromagnetic Induction – Definitions

1. Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux  is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area that is perpendicular to the field through the field is passing. (It is a scalar quantity.)

2. 1 Weber
1 weber (Wb) is the magnetic flux when a magnetic field of flux density 1T passes perpendicularly through an area of 1m2. ( =BA cos)

3. Magnetic Flux Linkage
The product, in a coil, of the magnetic flux passing through the coil and the number of turns of the coil.

4. Faraday‟s Law
Faraday’s Law states that the magnitude of the induced emf  in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux-linkage or to the rate of cutting of magnetic flux.

4. Lenz‟s Law
Lenz‟s Law states that the direction of the induced electromotive force is such it produces effects to oppose the change causing it.

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

REVISING H2 Biology FOR ‘A’ LEVELS IN 3 STEPS

Topic 3 – Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

1. Discuss whether viruses are living or non-living organisms

2. Explain why viruses are obligate parasites.

3. Describe, with examples, the structural components of viruses.

4. Describe, with a named example, the reproductive cycle of bacteriophages that reproduce via a lytic cycle.

5. Describe, with a named example, the reproductive cycle of bacteriophages that reproduce via a lysogenic cycle.

6. Describe, with a named example, the reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus.

7. Describe, with a named example, the reproductive cycle of a retrovirus.

8. Explain how viral infections cause disease in animals through the disruption of host tissue and functions.

9. Describe the structure of a bacterial chromosome including the arrangement of DNA within bacterial cells.

10. Describe the process of binary fission, transformation, transduction and conjugation in bacteria

11. Explain the role of F plasmids in bacterial conjugation.

12. Distinguish between structural and regulatory genes.

13. Distinguish, using named examples, between the concept of repressible and inducible systems of gene regulation

16. Describe the concept of a simple operon using lac operon as an example.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Salt Preparation

Preparation of salt by reaction between acid and an insoluble base.

Example: Preparation of copper(II) sulfate from copper(II) oxide(insoluble base)

Step 1: Put sulfuric acid in a beaker.

Step 2: Add copper(II) oxide until no more can dissolve.
Copper(II) sulfate solution & unreacted copper(II) oxide

Step 3: Filter to remove the excess copper(II) oxide

Step 4: Collect the filtrate.

Step 5: Heat up the filtrate to evaporate the water to about 1/3 the original volume.

Step 6; Allow the filtrate to cool to room temperature so that copper(II) sulfate crystals.

Step 7: Wash the crystal with a little cold distilled water.

Step 8: Dry the crystal with filter paper

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solutions please contact Mr Ong @98639833

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Salt Preparation

Preparation of salt by reaction between acid and an insoluble base.

Example: Preparation of copper(II) sulfate from copper(II) oxide(insoluble base)

Step 1: Put sulfuric acid in a beaker.

Step 2: Add copper(II) oxide until no more can dissolve.
Copper(II) sulfate solution & unreacted copper(II) oxide

Step 3: Filter to remove the excess copper(II) oxide

Step 4: Collect the filtrate.

Step 5: Heat up the filtrate to evaporate the water to about 1/3 the original volume.

Step 6; Allow the filtrate to cool to room temperature so that copper(II) sulfate crystals.

Step 7: Wash the crystal with a little cold distilled water.

Step 8: Dry the crystal with filter paper

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solutions please contact Mr Ong @98639833

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Transfer of Thermal Energy

1. The transfer of thermal energy or heat always occurs from a region higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.

2. When two objects in thermal contact are in thermal equilibrium, they have the same temperature.

3. The three processes of thermal transfer are conduction, convection and radiations.

4. Conduction involves the transfer of kinetic energy between neighboring particles in the medium due to collisions.

5. Convection involves the movement of the fluid particles due to a change in the density of fluid.

6. Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves. it can occur even in the absence of medium.

7. The rate of thermal energy transfer by radiation depends on the colour, texture, temperature and area of the surface.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solution, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Revising Coordinate Geometry 2 and practice exam questions focusing Quadratic inequalities & Functions

S4 – Revising on Differentiation 2 and practice 2012 O level P1 exam question

If you need help please in this topic contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

S3 – Practice exam questions focusing Graphs of liner functions, quadratic functions, cubic functions, reciprocal functions and exponential functions.

S4 – Revising Probability of single events and simple combined events. – and practice 2012 O Level Paper 1.

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J1 H1H2 Economics Tuition Students

Answers to H2 Economics 2007 GCE A Level Exam

Paper 1
CSQ1: OECD report on China, Brazil and the Russian Federation, 2005
ai) China’s budget was in deficit but this deficit was declining throughout.
(N.B.: Answer like “budget is negative and rising at a decreasing rate” – 0 m since negative sign was given in the data and stating this does not mean that student has a grasp of the significance of the figures)
ii) Russia’s budget was in surplus and improves from 2003 – 2004. After which, the budget surplus was declining. This was in contrast to China where even though its budget was in deficit, it has improved throughout.
bi) Nominal GDP growth includes inflation rate while real GDP growth does not.
ii) Russia with nominal GDP growth of 18%

c) Brazil’s projected C/A surplus worsens from 2005 – 2006 due to:
 The depreciation of China’s currency means that these Chinese goods entering into Brazil will be relatively cheaper and hence drive up Brazil’s import
 Recovery in employment and wages implies higher consumer spending. This in turn lead to higher economic growth (since GDP = C + I + G + X –M) in 2004 which implies higher income. Since imports are dependent on income, this leads to higher imports. This is especially so if the goods imported have high income elasticity and the Brazilians have a high marginal propensity to import.
 The appreciation of the Brazilian currency will also have an impact on the C/A. Appreciation would make imports entering into Brazil cheaper and Brazilian -export less competitive in world markets (esp. in China which is a major destination for Brazil’s exports). Assuming Marshall-Lerner condition where sum of price elasticities was greater than 1, then import expenditure would rise and export revenue would fall leading to fall in C/A surplus.

 Brazil’s inflation rate relative to the other countries. Although Brazil’s inflation has been falling steadily over the years while China’s has been rising (albeit marginally in the later 3 years), the latter’s is still lower than Brazil. Hence this may mean that Brazil’s exports may be less competitive in the world markets.

For complete note please contact Angie Hp 96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

FAQ – Group VII

For Group VII halogens (e.g. Cl2, Br2, I2)

1. Volatility decreases down the group (i.e. boiling point increases)

Explanation:
• Increase in electron cloud size hence more easily polarised
• leads to stronger dispersion forces between molecules

2. Oxidising power decreases down the group

X2 + 2e ⇔ 2X−

Explanation:
• Decrease in effective nuclear charge, hence electron affinity decreases
• Hence less easily accepts electrons (i.e. less easily reduced)
• Eθ value decreases (Quote from Data Booklet)

Two important proofs of this are:
• Any halide (e.g. I−) can be displaced by the halogen (e.g. Br2) above it.
• Reaction with sodium thiosulfate (explain change in oxidation state of S)

3. Reactivity with H2 decreases down the group
X2 + H2 → 2HX

Explanation:
• Atomic size of X increases
• Hence H – X bond becomes longer and weaker
• Product formed is less and less stable, hence reactivity decreases.

Note: Quote bond energy values to explain this, NOT Eθ values

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

To what extent is nature valued in your country?

Nature has always been portrayed as a gift to mankind, and is seen as something we should treasure and appreciate. However, as the world progresses at such a rapid pace, the perception of nature in many countries has changed: once seen as a blessing, nature is now viewed as
something disposable, and often, even something to be exploited or harnessed for some sort of practical gain. In a country like Singapore, where land is scarce and resources limited, the notion of conserving nature and its beauty is still of great importance, but it is only valued to the extent that it does not hinder but instead spurs economic growth and brings value to our nation.

In Singapore, there have been considerable efforts by the government to protect our natural environment. The presence of well-maintained nature reserves, parks and green areas such as reservoirs proves that Singapore does indeed value nature and is willing to pour resources into conserving it. There are also existing organisations such as the Singapore Environmental Council (SEC), which oversees our local environment, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals (SPCA), which ensures the welfare of the animals in Singapore. It would be ludicrous and naïve to believe that the sole, genuine purpose of the government in such efforts is merely to preserve nature. In actual fact, it is a ubiquitous view that the Singaporean government, consisting of intelligent leaders who have produced a globally recognised “economic miracle”, would definitely keep in mind the economic gain that the act of preserving nature can potentially bring to Singapore. Nature reserves such as the Sungei Buloh Nature Reserve are developed and maintained for the primary purpose of attracting tourists and maintaining our image as a nature-loving, environmentally-friendly nation. Furthermore, the conservation of nature in Singapore also has
much educational value. Besides tourists, many of the visitors to the nature reserves in Singapore are students who are brought there to study the fl ora and fauna. Yes, it is undeniable that nature is valued and hence protected, but it would be more accurate to say that it is valued only to the extent that it brings practical gain, in this case educational or economic worth to society.

Some may defend Singapore’s seemingly pragmatic and inauthentic treatment of nature by arguing that the fact that Singapore is willing to expend funds and sacrifice precious land space for the sake of nature, regardless of the real intent, is commendable in itself, and could even be even considered a great feat for a resource-limited country like Singapore. Yet, these supporters have failed to look at the bigger picture and realise that the amount of money and resources spent
on conserving nature is peanuts compared to the large amounts of time, effort, labour, land and financial resources that have been channelled towards other projects that are more economically profitable. For example, the cost of setting up the Integrated Resorts works out to be a rather sizeable figure, but the government had no qualms about building it despite some expression of disagreement by the public, due to the
financial returns it would bring. As compared to such economically viable areas, what is spent on conserving nature is nothing. Therefore, comparatively speaking, our country values nature to a small extent.

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Exam Practice focusing on Functions and MOD and Teaching Integration Part 2

J2 – Concept review on stats and practice prelim questions

From A Level Math Tutors

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Electromagnetism – Definitions

1. Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is a region of space in which a magnetic material, a current-carrying conductor or a moving charge located in it will experience a force.

2. Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic flux density is defined as the force per unit length per unit current acting on a conductor carrying a current placed at right angle to the magnetic field.
(It is a vector quantity.)

3. 1 Tesla
A tesla is the uniform magnetic flux density which when acting at right angle to a straight conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere produces a force per unit length of 1 Newton per metre on the conductor.

4. Right Hand Grip Rule
It relates the direction of current to the direction of the magnetic field that it generates (i.e. its own magnetic field).

5. Fleming‟s Left Hand Rule
It relates the direction of the force acting on a current carrying conductor to the direction of the current and the direction of the external (applied) magnetic field.

For exam based questions with solutions, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

REVISING H2 Biology FOR ‘A’ LEVELS IN 3 STEPS

Topic 2 – DNA and Genomics

1. Describe the structure and roles of DNA and RNA.

2. Describe the process of DNA Replication.

3. Discuss the experimental evidence for semi-conservative replication.

4. Describe how information on DNA is used to synthesise polypeptides.

5. Using a specific example, explain how a gene mutation can lead to a non-functional protein.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Acids and Bases – Key Points

1. An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water.

2. The strength of an acid refers to the extent to which the acid molecules dissociates when dissolved in water.

3. A base is a substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only.

4. An alkali is a base that is soluble in water.

5. Neutralisation reaction is the reaction between an acid and a base to from a salt and water only.

6. The term concentration tells us how much a substance is dissolved in 1 dm^3

7. The term strength refers to how an acid or an alkali dissociates when dissolved in water.

8. The pH scale is a set is a set of numbers used to whether a solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solutions please contact Mr Ong @98639833

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Acids and Bases – Key Points

1. An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water.

2. The strength of an acid refers to the extent to which the acid molecules dissociates when dissolved in water.

3. A base is a substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only.

4. An alkali is a base that is soluble in water.

5. Neutralisation reaction is the reaction between an acid and a base to from a salt and water only.

6. The term concentration tells us how much a substance is dissolved in 1 dm^3

7. The term strength refers to how an acid or an alkali dissociates when dissolved in water.

8. The pH scale is a set is a set of numbers used to whether a solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solutions please contact Mr Ong @98639833

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