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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

S3 – Practice exam questions focusing arithmetical problem

S4 – Revising arithmetical problem and practice 2011 O Level Papers

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

Colour Summary

Flame Test Colors
Li Deep red
Na Yellow
K Violet
Mg Bright white
Ca Orange-red
Sr Red
Ba Green
Cu Blue-green
P Pale blue-green
S Blue
Fe Gold
Pb Blue-white
Zn Blue-green

Aqueous Ion Colors
Cu+ Green
Cu2+ Blue
[CuCl4]2- Yellow
Cu(NH3)4 2+ Dark Blue; produced when ammonia is added to Cu2+ solutions

Fe2+ yellow-green (depending on the anion)
Fe3+ orange-red (depending on the anion)
FeSCN]2+ Red-brown, Wine-red to dark orange

Co2+ Pink
CoCl42- Blue (Co2+ with HCl will form a CoCl4 2- complex that is blue)

Cr3+ Violet (Cr(NO3)3 to Green (CrCl3)
CrO4 2- Yellow
Cr2O7 2- Orange

Ni2+ Green

Mn2+ Pink
MnO4 – Purple (Mn w/ +7 oxidation state is purple)
MnO4 2- Green

Pb3+ blue-green (Pb2+ and Pb4+ are colorless)

V2+ violet
V3+ blue-green

Ti(H2O)6 3+ Purple

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

To what extent does technology facilitate crime?

In the recent movie, ‘The Social Network’, Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook, hacked into a Harvard newsletter site to retract a defamatory statement issued by a rival. How he managed it was surprisingly simple. No, there was no furious typing on the keyboard as depicted in movies,
nor were there any mathematical algorithms dancing across the computer screen. Zuckerberg simply guessed that the passwords used on Facebook by the editors were the same as those they used for their email. He then pulled out his database of passwords and voila, he was in.What this demonstrates is not the fl exible morals of the Facebook founder, but that the increasing concentration of information and sensitive data available to people due to advancement in technology makes it increasingly easy to commit crime. Granted, recent technological advances like the security camera and car alarm do deter crime as well; however, I feel that technology facilitates crime, but only if the fl aws within technology remain unaddressed, and if it falls into the
wrong hands.

Detractors may argue that recent surveillance technology and crime deterring advancements make it harder for criminals to actually commit crime. With the increase in the amount of protection one can install in one’s home, ranging from password encoded locks and fingerprint recognition software, it may seem that physical crime like burglary and housebreak may be deterred. However,this is based on the assumption that everyone has access to such technology and that everyone is willing to go the extra mile and fork out extra for such advancements. If that is not the case, crime generally does not decrease. What these advancements do is actually to divert physical crime away from that particular household, leaving others to seem more attractive to criminals. Crime has simply been diverted to another place.

Furthermore, with the onset of online banking and online financial transactions, criminals with an understanding of computers and technology now do not have to be physically present at the scene
of the crime in order to steal money: there have been fake websites of OCBC bank, and even automated teller machines have been tampered with before. Criminals now can steal and rob someone from the comfort of their homes.

Again, detractors might argue, that passwords and safeguards are there to keep all this under control. Actually, the presence of passwords and safeguards increases a person’s vulnerability to online crime or identity theft. Recently, Sarah Palin’s twitter account was hacked. The hacker simply guessed the answer to Sarah Palin’s secret question to gain access to the account. How? The hacker simply searched Wikipedia for personal information about Sarah Palin and, with a certain
amount of guesswork, he was in. While there is merit in online banking and financial transactions,people have simply traded one hazard for another. They have traded the physical vulnerability of carrying cash for the online vulnerability of being phished, scammed or hacked, at any time. It can thus be seen, that technological advancements actually expose a person greatly to crime, and facilitates crime.

Technology does not only facilitate crime in these few ways; it also facilitates crime through online anonymity and through the influence of violence on impressionable minds.

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Exam Practice focusing on Differentiation & Applications and Teaching Differential Equations

J2 – Concept review on statistics and practice prelim questions

From A Level Math Tutors

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Thermodynamics – Definitions

1. Avogadro Constant
Avogadro constant is the number of atoms present in exactly 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

2. Mole
The mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of entities (atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

3. Ideal Gas
A gas which obeys the gas laws at all values of pressure, volume and temperature.

4. Thermal Equilibrium
Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when there is no net transfer of thermal energy between them when they are in thermal contact.

5. Heat (or Thermal) Capacity
Thermal capacity of a body is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of the whole body by one kelvin.

6. Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity of a substance is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one kelvin.

7. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
The specific latent heat of fusion is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to convert unit mass of the solid to liquid without any change in temperature.

8. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization
The specific latent heat of vaporization is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to convert unit mass of the liquid to vapour without any change in temperature.

9. Internal Energy of a substance
The internal energy of a substance is the sum of the random kinetic energy and the potential energy of the atoms or molecules of the substance.

10. First Law of Thermodynamics
The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the work done on the system and the heating of the system.

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Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

REVISING H2 Biology FOR ‘A’ LEVELS IN 3 STEPS

Topic 4 – Organisation and Control of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes

1. Compare the structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.

2. Describe the structure and function of the portions of eukaryotic DNA that do not encode for protein or RNA

3. Describe the role of telomeres and centromeres

4. Describe the process and significance of gene amplification within cells

5. Describe eukaryotic processing of mRNA.

6. Define control elements and explain how control elements (e.g. promoter, silencer and enhancers) and other factors (e.g. transcription factors, repressors, histone modification and DNA methylation) influence transcription.

7. Discuss the control of gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels.

8. Contrast prokaryotic control of gene expression against eukaryotic control.

9. Describe, using named examples, the functions of proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.

10. Explain how loss of function and gain of function mutations can contribute to cancer

11. Discuss the development of cancer as a multi-step process.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation
– Gain of oxygen
– Gain of oxidation number
– loss of hydrogen
– loss of electron

Reduction
– loss of oxygen
– loss of oxidation number
– Gain of hydrogen
– Gain of electron

1. A redox reaction is a reaction involving oxidation and reduction.

2. An oxidising agent is a substance that causes oxidation on another substance.

3. An reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction on another substance.

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation
– Gain of oxygen
– Gain of oxidation number
– loss of hydrogen
– loss of electron

Reduction
– loss of oxygen
– loss of oxidation number
– Gain of hydrogen
– Gain of electron

1. A redox reaction is a reaction involving oxidation and reduction.

2. An oxidising agent is a substance that causes oxidation on another substance.

3. An reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction on another substance.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Light

1. Light travels in a straight lines.

2. The First Law of Reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.

3. The Second law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r

i = r

4. Refraction is the bending of light rays when they pass from one transparent medium into another.

5. sin i/sin r = constant which is know as reflective index

6. Critical angle c
Sin c =1/n (n= reflective index)

7. Focal length is the distance between the optical centre C and the focal point F

8. Ray diagram can be used to determine if the image is real or virtual, upright or inverted, and magnified or diminished.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solution, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Revising Proof in Plane Geometry

S4 – Revising Application of Differentiation and practice 2012 O level P2 exam question

If you need help please in this topic contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

S3 – Practice exam questions focusing Numbers

S4 – Revising Numbers and practice 2012 O Level Paper 2.

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J1/J2 H1H2 Economics Tuition Students

Concept Lesson I
1) Low inflation

Benefits:
i) Boosts business confidence and hence economic growth and employment. When there is high inflation, firms become less certain about the future prices of their products and the less sure about the rate of returns on their investments, they are less willing to take risks and invest in long term projects.

ii) Higher incentive to save, leading to more loanable funds for investment, resulting in greater rate of growth. Low and stable inflation introduces certainty to future value of money and household are more willing to save this money for future consumption.

iii) With high inflation, households and firms may become pre-occupied with short term, unproductive activities such as investing in properties, which tend to yield attractive returns in an inflationary environment. Such activities will only fuel an unsustainable rise in property prices. Exaggerated gains will further encourage people to borrow to finance their investment. This can lead to instability in the
banking system when property prices eventually collapse and borrowers default on their loans. This can be avoided with low and stable inflation.

iv) Improvement in BOP and hence export-led growth

v) Allocation of resources becomes more efficient. Prices provide important signals to producers in the market economy of Singapore to help them make decisions on how much and what to produce. For example, when a producer sees that the price of the product has increased faster than the prices of other goods and services, he would infer that the demand for his product has gone up much more than the demand for other goods and services. As a result, he would devote more resources to produce a larger quantity of that product. It is through this price mechanism that market achieves allocative efficiency. Unexpected inflation however makes it difficult to distinguish between changes in the price of a specific item and changes in the general price level. As such, a producer could mistake an unanticipated rise in the general price level for a rise in the price of his own product, and hence erroneously devote more resources to produce it. This misallocation of resources, if widespread, may lead to slower growth of the economy.

vi) Minimize redistribution of income between different groups of people (Lender-Borrower and Fixed-Variable Income Earner)

vii) Low shoe-leather costs — Shoe leather cost refers to the cost of time and effort that people spend trying to counteract the effects of inflation, such as holding less cash and having to make additional trips to the bank.

viii) Low Menu-costs
Costs:
i. Risk of deflation and consumer expectations
ii. Low growth or negative growth (AD-AS curve)
iii. Increase in demand deficient unemployment (Philips curve)

For complete note please contact Angie Hp 96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

FAQ – Gases

Gases

Difference between assumptions and conditions

• 2 assumptions of ideal gas
o Negligible intermolecular forces
o Negligible particle volume compared to volume of container

• 2 conditions at which a gas acts most ideally
o High temperature
o Low pressure

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

Children

According to the US Bureau of Census, International Data Base, there are 1819 million children in the world who are 15 years and below as of 2000. This makes up 30% of the world’s population. Children are generally vulnerable to the world outside as they are unable to protect themselves and to stand up for their rights. We shall discuss and address the problems and concerns, causes and consequences regarding children in the world today.

Millions of children are exploited for labour. Child labour is defined as children working in economic activity that negatively affect their health and development or interfere with education. An estimated 246 million children are engaged in child labour. About 171 million work in hazardous situations or conditions, such as working in mines, working with chemicals and pesticides in agriculture or working with dangerous machinery. Millions of girls work as domestic servants and unpaid household help and are especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. However, research has shown that the vast majority of child labourers – 70 per cent or more – work in agriculture. Few examples of countries with high statistics of child labour would be Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 48 million child workers, which means almost one child in three below the age of 15 is working, Latin America and the Caribbean with approximately 17.4 million child workers.

Trafficking children is a global problem affecting large numbers of children. Some estimates have as many as 1.2 million children being trafficked every year. There is a demand for trafficked children as cheap labour or for sexual exploitation.

Children and their families are often unaware of the dangers of trafficking, believing that better employment and lives lie in other countries. Trafficking always violates the child’s right to grow up in a family environment. Large numbers of children are being trafficked in West and Central Africa, mainly for domestic work but also for sexual exploitation and to work in shops or on farms. Nearly 90 per cent of these trafficked domestic workers are girls.

Sexual activity is often seen as a private matter, making communities reluctant to act and intervene in cases of sexual exploitation. These attitudes make children more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Surveys indicate that 30 to 35 per cent of all sex workers in the Mekong sub-region of Southeast Asia are between 12 and 17 years of age. Mexico’s social service agency reports that there are more than 16,000 children engaged in prostitution, with tourist destinations being among those areas with the highest number. In Lithuania, 20 to 50 percent of prostitutes are believed to be minors. Children as young as age 11 are known to work as prostitutes. Children from children’s homes, some 10 to 12 years old, have been used to make pornographic movies.

Child abuse often come in the form of violence. It is one of the most serious problems affecting children today. Much violence is hidden. Children experience violence at home, within their family and from other children.

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Exam Practice focusing on Graphical Technique and Teaching Integration Part 3

J2 – Concept review on Differential Equations and practice prelim questions

From A Level Math Tutors

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