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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Electrolysis

Important Definitions

1. An electrolytic cell is a set of apparatus that uses electrical energy to produce chemical reactions.

2. Electrolysis is the process of decomposition of a compound by electricity.

3. The anode is the positive electrode and the cathode is the negative electrode of an electrolytic.

4. An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity in the molten state or in aqueous solution.

5. Cations are positive ions and anions are negative ions

6. The discharge of ions is the process of gaining or losing electrons at the electrode.

7. An Inert electrode is an electrode that does not take part in chemical reaction during electrolysis.

8. A reactive electrode is an electrode that participates in chemical reactions during electrolysis.

9. Electroplating is the process of coating an object with a thin layer of metal using electrolysis.

10. A simple cell is a devise that uses chemical reactions to produce electricity.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Electromagnetic Waves

1. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. They transfer energy from one place to another without the need for a material medium.

2. The speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum is 3 x 10^8 m/s

3. Electromagnetic waves can be reflected and refracted.

4. Velocity of the wave = frequency x wave length

5. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency in the ascending order
Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared radiation
Visible light
Ultraviolet rays
X-rays
Gramma rays

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J2 H1H2 Economics Tuition Students

Introduction

A) What is National Income?
1) National income measures the monetary value of the flow of output of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time.
2) Measuring the level and rate of growth of national income (Y) is important for seeing:
 The rate of economic growth
 Changes to average living standards
 Changes to the distribution of income between groups within the population
B) Gross Domestic Product
 Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total value of output in an economy
 GDP includes the output of foreign owned businesses that are located in a nation following foreign direct investment. For example, the output produced at the Nissan car plant on Tyne and Wear contributes to the UK’s GDP
C) There are three ways of calculating GDP – all of which should sum to the same amount:
National Output = National Expenditure (Aggregate Demand) = National Income
(i) The Expenditure Method – aggregate demand (AD)
The full equation for GDP using this approach is GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) where
C: Household spending
I: Capital Investment spending
G: Government spending
X: Exports of Goods and Services
M: Imports of Goods and Services
ii) The Income Method – adding together factor incomes
GDP is the sum of the incomes earned through the production of goods and services. This is:
Income from people in jobs and in self-employment
+
Profits of private sector businesses
+
Rent income from the ownership of land
=
Gross Domestic product (by factor incomes)
Only those incomes that are come from the production of goods and services are included in
the calculation of GDP by the income approach. We exclude:

 Transfer payments e.g. the state pension; income support for families on low incomes; the Jobseekers’ Allowance for the unemployed and other welfare assistance such housing benefit
 Private transfers of money from one individual to another
 Income not registered with the tax authorities Every year, billions of pounds worth of activity is not declared to the tax authorities. This is known as the shadow economy.
 Published figures for GDP by factor incomes will be inaccurate because much activity is not officially recorded – including subsistence farming and barter transactions

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Practice Exam base questions

S4 – Revising Application of Integration and practice 2010 O level Papers

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

S3 – Practice exam questions

S4 – Revising Algebra and practice 2010 O Level Papers

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

TO Master to PERFECTION before A’levels – Part 1

Standard Definitions (Don’t Memorize. But appreciate and understand why key terms are important)

– Relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula mass, based on the 12C scale (just give mathematical expression)
– Mole in terms of the Avogadro constant
– VSEPR (2 assumptions)
– Basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas
– Standard enthalpies (11 of them)
– Hess’ Law
– Entropy
– Standard electrode potential and standard cell potential
– Dynamic Equilibrium, LCP
– Strong and weak acids and bases
– Kc, KP, Ka, Kb, Kw, KSP,pH etc. (m. expression)
– Rate of reaction; rate equation; order of reaction; rate constant; (m. expression)
– Half life of a reaction
– Rate-determining step
– Activation energy
– Catalysts
– Transition metal, ligands, complex, coordination number
– Proteins 1o,2o,3o structure, Denaturation

Standard Explanations (must be concise (save time), accurate and complete) – You must know this so well you have are absolutely confident of reproducing them under stressful exam conditions.

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

‘The government always acts in the interest of the people.’ Discuss

Witnesses to the fall of the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and the rampant corruption of dictator Kim Jong Il may invariably raise the question of whether governments genuinely take care of the interests of the people. Indeed, every single government – be it a divinely ordained
monarch or merely a group of elders under the leadership of a tribal head – is obliged to represent the interest of the people, safeguard people’s interest and ensure a better standard of living for all.
Nevertheless, it might be overly idealistic to jump to the conclusion that the government always acts in the interest of the people without examining real life examples of how bad governments may compromise people’s interest, and the limitations of government policies that have been formulated to advance people’s interest, but have failed due to politicians’ pursuit of their own agenda.

At the most fundamental level, every government is obliged to shoulder the responsibility of improving the people’s living standards and alleviating their suffering as this is the very reason for its existence. A communist government promotes a ‘command economy’ to ensure fairer distribution of resources, hence promoting equality and raising the living standard of the poor. A democratic government, on the other hand, promotes capitalism and free trade, as it believes that freer trade allows for economic prosperity, thus allowing more people to enrich themselves and enter the middle class or even the upper echelons of society. Besides employing different economic policies to gain prosperity for the people, governments also invest in education so as to equip their people with the necessary skills to succeed in today’s knowledge-based economy. Additionally,governments’ expenditure on infrastructure also attests to their efforts in providing a more conducive environment for the people. All in all, it does seem that the government should, and will,act in the interest of the people to fulfi ll its responsibility.

Furthermore, the fact that some governments even embark on less popular policies for the long-term good of its people at the cost of losing popular support also seems to suggest that governments will always prioritise the well-being of the people over other ends. For instance,
during the economic crisis in 1997, Singapore Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong implemented the CPF (Central Provident Fund) cut to accumulate reserves for the country, despite causing much public unhappiness. Similarly, in China, the government enforced the one-child policy to
control rapid population growth much to the unhappiness of the people. In these two cases, the governments were willing to sacrifi ce people’s support to implement policies unpopular at the moment, and yet vital to the long-term well-being of the people (in the case of Singapore, to
alleviate future economic burden, and in China, to allow better distribution of prosperity). Therefore, one may conclude that even though some of the government’s actions prove to be less welcomed,
they are nonetheless implemented in the long-term interest of the people.

Another perspective that shows the government’s prompt action in safeguarding people’s interest is that during times of crisis, rather than protecting politicians’ self-interest, upright governments
have shown their competency in dealing with crises, thus protecting people from suffering. When the fi nancial crisis swept across most parts of the globe, governments in different countries came up with measures to avert the crisis, as evidenced by the US’s stimulus package and Singapore’s ‘resilience package’. Moreover, during a disease outbreak, governments also play an instrumental role in subsidising treatment for the under-privileged, and carrying out nation-wide screening to prevent the further spread of the disease. Thus, it appears that governments do act in the interest of the people, especially in times of crisis, to protect their people from suffering the ramifi cations of the crisis.

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Exam Practice using top JCs promo questions

J2 – Concept review on statistics and practice top JCs prelim questions

From A Level Math Tutors

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Quantum Physics – Definitions

1. Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted from surface of a material when electromagnetic radiation is incident on it. (Such electrons are called photoelectrons)

2. Threshold Frequency
The Threshold Frequency (f0) is the minimum frequency of the incident radiation that will eject photoelectrons from the surface of the metal.

3. Work Function Energy
The minimum energy required for an electron to escape from the surface of the metal.

4. Stopping Potential
The mininium potential difference between the cathode and the anode that will prevent any photoelectrons emitted from the cathode from reaching the anode.

5. Emission Line Spectrum
When electrons within a large number of atoms of an element de-excite, the set of energy changes is unique to that element, so the atoms emit photons at distinctive wavelengths. The result is an emission line spectrum that is characteristic to the atoms of the element.

6. Absorption Line Spectrum
When white light passing through gas atoms at low pressure is analysed, it shows dark lines that correspond to the wavelengths of light absorbed by the gas atoms. (For this to happen, the gas must be colder than the source of radiation.) This spectrum is called absorption line spectrum.

7. X-ray Spectrum
A broad continuous spectrum superimposed by peaks of sharply defined wavelengths; these peaks form the characteristic x-ray spectrum): The Continuous Spectrum is formed as a result of the electrons undergoing a single collision or multiple collisions with the target atoms. The loss in energy after each collision will result in the emission of an X-ray photon. The Characteristic X-ray Spectrum is formed as a result a deep-lying electron of the target atoms being knocked out by incident electron and another electron from a higher energy shell above it jumps down to fill the vacancy. Photons are emitted during this de-excitation which form the characteristic peaks.

8. Square of the amplitude of the wave function Ψ
A particle can be described by a wave function Ψ where the square of the amplitude of wave function IΨI2 gives a measure of the probability of finding the particle at a point.

9. Transmission Coefficient
The transmission coefficient T is the probability that a particle with energy lower than the energy of the potential barrier is transmitted through the barrier, i.e. tunnelling occurs.

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Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

REVISING H2 Biology FOR ‘A’ LEVELS IN 3 STEPS

Topic 5 – Genetic Basis for Variation

1. Explain the following terms: locus, allele, dominant, recessive, codominant, homozygous,heterozygous, phenotype and genotype.

2. Explain how genotype is linked to phenotype.

3. Explain how genes are inherited from one generation to the next via the germ cells or gametes.

4. Explain, with examples, how the environment may affect the phenotype.

5. Explain the following terms: monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, sex linkage, autosomal linkage, epistasis, codominance, test cross and multiple alleles.

6. Explain the meaning of the terms linkage

7. Explain the effect of linkage and crossing-over on the phenotypic ratios from dihybrid crosses.

8. Explain what is meant by the terms gene mutation and chromosome aberration.

9. Describe the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation

10. Explain the genetic basis of continuous variation and discontinuous variation.

11. Describe the causes of genetic variation in a population.

12. Describe, using named examples, how epistatic interactions occur at the biochemical level.

13. Describe the use the chi square test

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Metals

Important Definitions

1. An alloy is a mixture of metal with one or a few other elements.

2. The reactivity series is a series of metals arranged in the order of their chemical reactivity, from the most reactivity to the lease reactivity.

3. Displacement reaction of metals is a redox reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal to form its salt solution.

4. Galvanising is the coating of iron or steel on zinc for protection against corrosion.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solutions please contact Mr Ong @98639833

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Metals

Important Definitions

1. An alloy is a mixture of metal with one or a few other elements.

2. The reactivity series is a series of metals arranged in the order of their chemical reactivity, from the most reactivity to the lease reactivity.

3. Displacement reaction of metals is a redox reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal to form its salt solution.

4. Galvanising is the coating of iron or steel on zinc for protection against corrosion.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solutions please contact Mr Ong @98639833

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Waves

1. Transverse waves travel in a direction perpendicular to the direction of vibration.

2. Longitudinal waves travel in a direction parallel to the direction of vibration.

3. Waves transfer energy transfer without transferring matter.

4. All points on a wave that are in phase have the same displacement and direction of motion.

5. A wave front is an imaginary line connecting all the points of a wave that are in the same phase.

6. The wavelength of a wave is the distance between any two consecutive points that are in phase. The unit of wavelength is in meter (m)

7. The amplitude A a wave is the maximum displacement from the rest position. The unit for the amplitude is meter (m)

8. The period T of a wave is the amount of tie taken for the wave to complete one full cycle. The unit for period is second (s)

9. The frequency f of a wave is the number of cycles completed per unit time. The unit of the frequency is Hertz (Hz)

f = 1/T

10. The speed v of a wave is the distance travelled by the wave per unit time.

v = f X wavelength

11. When water wave enter greater depth, the wavelength increases. The frequency f of the wave remains unchanged as it is determined by the source.

12. The speed v of water wave increases when the water depth increases. The speed v decreases when the water depth decreases.

13. Refraction of water waves occurs when water waves enter a different depth at an angle.

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solution, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Revising Remainder and Factor Therorems

S4 – Revising Integration and practice 2011 O level Papers

If you need help please in this topic contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi J2 H1H2 Economics Tuition Students

Holiday 15 Oct – Tuesday Economics revision

Lesson 1 : 2.30 pm to 4.30 pm
Break : 4.30 pm to 5 pm
Lesson 2 : 5 pm to 7 pm

Lesson 1
1) A challenging MICROECONOMIC case study that adapts from the best questions of recent prelim questions from various JCs.
2) 1 challenging MICROECONOMIC Essay specially designed to stretch students ability to the fullest.

Topics covered:
A) scarcity, choice and opp cost
B) demand, supply and elasticity
C) market failure due to externalities, inequality, public goods

Lesson 2
For the second 2 hours lesson: (must remind student that the second hour is only for H2)
1) In the first hour, A challenging MACROECONOMIC Case Study that adapts the best questions from recent prelim questions from various JCs.
2) In the second hour, A challenging MARKET structure case study, specially designed to stretch ability to the fullest.

For more detail please contact Angie Hp 96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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