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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Teach Maclaurin Series and Exam Practice

J2 – Concept review on Statistics and practice top JCs prelim questions

From A Level Math Tutors

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Lasers and Semiconductors – Key points

Basic principles of lasers

1. LASER is Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

2. Spontaneous emission is a phenomenon where a photon is spontaneously emitted from an excited atom without any external stimulation or inducement.

3. Stimulated emission is a phenomenon where a photon causes another photon of the same frequency to be emitted from an excited atom.

4. Population inversion in a system refers to the situation when the system has more atoms in the excited state than in the ground state.

Energy bands, conductors and insulators

1. Conduction band is the lowest of the energy band of a solid that is unoccupied.

2. Valence band is the highest occupied energy band of a solid.

3. Band gap refers to the energy difference between two allowed energy bands.

OR
the minimum energy needed for an electron to “jump” from the lower band to the higher band

4. A conductor is a solid whose conduction band and valence band overlap.

5. An insulator is a solid with a large band gap between its conduction band and valence band.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

The Periodic Tables

Important Definitions

1. A group is a vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table.

2. A period is a horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table.

3. A metalloid is an element that has the properties of both a metal and a non-metal

4. An alkali metals are the Group I elements.

5. The halogens are the Group VII elements.

6. The noble gases are the Group 0 or Group VIII elements.

7. The transition elements are a block metallic elements between Group II and II in the Periodic table.

8. A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of chemical reaction.

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

The Periodic Tables

Important Definitions

1. A group is a vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table.

2. A period is a horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table.

3. A metalloid is an element that has the properties of both a metal and a non-metal

4. An alkali metals are the Group I elements.

5. The halogens are the Group VII elements.

6. The noble gases are the Group 0 or Group VIII elements.

7. The transition elements are a block metallic elements between Group II and II in the Periodic table.

8. A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of chemical reaction.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Uses of Electromagnetic Waves

1. Radio Waves
– Radio broadcasting
– Transmitting television programmes
– Telecommunication
– Wireless networking

2. Microwaves
– Satellite communication
– For cooking food
– Remote sensing (radar)

3. Infrared
– Night vision binoculars
– Thermal imaging
– Remote controls
– Motion detector (in security systems)

4. Visible light
– Optical fibers for data transmission
– Endoscopy (visual inspection of internal organs)
– Photography

5. Ultraviolet rays
– Sunbeds
– Florescence effect

6. X-rays
– Radiography
– Detecting cracks in pipes and buildings

7. Gamma rays
– Sterilisation of medical equipment
– Radiotherapy

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

S3 – Revising Surds and Indices Practice Exam base questions

S4 – Revising Differentiation and practice 2009 O level Papers

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

S3 – Revising Mensuration and practice exam questions

S4 – Revising Graphs and practice 2009 O Level Papers

From O-Level Elementary Mathematics Singapore Tutor

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

REVISING H2 Biology FOR ‘A’ LEVELS IN 3 STEPS

Topic 6 – Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry

1. Explain the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

2. Describe the three phases of the Calvin cycle

3. Discuss how limiting factors may affect the rate of photosynthesis

4. Describe each of the main stages of aerobic respiration.

5. Explain the production of a small yield of ATP from anaerobic respiration

6. Describe the formation of ethanol in yeast and lactate in mammals.

7. Compare the storage and structural forms of starch, glycogen and cellulose

8. Describe the roles of starch, glycogen and cellulose in plants/animals.

9. Describe and explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.

10. Outline the roles and functions of membranes within cells and at
the surface of cells.

11. Describe how substances may move across the cell membrane.

12. Explain the principles of homeostasis.

13. Explain the need for communication systems within organisms.

14. Describe and explain the transmission of an action potential along a myelinated neurone.

15. Describe the structure of a cholinergic synapse and explain how it functions.

16. Explain what is meant by an endocrine gland, using the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas as an example.

17. Explain how the blood glucose concentration is regulated by insulin and glucagon.

18. Describe the main stages of cell signalling

19. Explain the advantages of a cell signalling system.

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi H2/H1 Economics Tuition Students

Graphing Techniques and Curve Sketching

Question 1:
Alcohol consumption, negative externality, market failure

Question 2:
Effect of education on alcohol consumption
2 Limitations

Question 3:
Effect of taxation on alcohol consumption
2 Limitations

Question 4:
Construction near schools, negative externality and market failure

Question 5
Effect of R and D on construction negative externality.
2 limitations

Question 6:
Traffic congestion, negative externality, market failure

Question 7:
Effect of COE on traffic congestion
2 limitations

Question 8:
Effect of ERP on traffic congestion
2 limitations

Question 9:
Effect of more trains, more buses on traffic congestion
2 limitations

Question 10:
Effect of minimum wage, unemployment
2 Limitations

Question 11:
Does economic growth always lead to economic development?

Question 12:
Effect of price floor, surplus, black market

Question 13:
Consumer, producer burden of taxation

For complete notes please contact Angie Hp 96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

TO Master to PERFECTION before A’levels – Part 2

1. Atomic Structure • Ionisation Energy (Trend across the period + 2 anomalies, Down the gp, successive IE,*TM)

Remark
• Predicting position from successive IE
Refer to AMS, Gases and Atomic Structure Revision Notes

2. Bonding
• Boiling point/melting point
• Volatility
• Electrical conductivity
• Solubility

3. Energetics (entropy)
• Discuss the effects on the entropy of a chemical system by the
following:
(i) change in temperature
(ii) change in phase
(iii) change in the number of particles (especially for gaseous
systems)
(iv) mixing of particles

Remark
• Predict the effect of temperature change on the spontaneity of a
reaction, given standard enthalpy and entropy changes disorderliness”/”ways to arrange particles” are key words.
Refer to entropy lect notes.

Using Gibbs equation ΔG=ΔHTΔS.
Make sure you are comfortable with putting your thoughts into words.

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

‘Terrorism is born out of oppression.’ Do you agree?

‘Terrorism is the tactic of demanding the impossible, and demanding it at gunpoint.’ This quote by renowned polemic and neo-conservative, Christopher Hitchens, aptly describes the nature of terrorism. Indeed, terrorism is a method through which terrorists express their goals, demands and motivations. It feeds on fear and aims to create a climate of fear oftentimes by targeting innocent or less than innocent civilians. It is through publicising and glorifying these acts of destruction that they can attain their goals. I believe that terrorism is certainly one of the many tactics utilised by states, religious fundamentalists, et cetera, to achieve their own self-interests.

There are grounds to argue that terrorism is born out of oppression. For one, proponents of this stand often argue that when the oppressed are forced to the point of desperation with no possible alternatives to voice their injustice, it may well work as the only way for the oppressed to seek redress. This argument has many similarities to the concept of Bellum Iustum – “Just War”. For one, just as how nations are justifi ed to use self-defence as a right and justifi cation to enter a
war, “just-terrorism” is possible for the oppressed to defend themselves. The Umkhunto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) was a case in point. An armed wing of the African Nation Congress in South Africa during the Apartheid, it was responsible for bombing many government infrastructures, for example, schools, museums, etc. The leader was of course, the now widely respected Nelson Mandela. Now the actions of Umkhunto we Sizwe were certainly deplorable, for it caused immense pain to those who lost their loved ones to bombs and grenades planted by the
African National Congress (ANC), but it was an expression of injustice by the black South Africans who were discriminated against by apartheid policies. They were denied suffrage, access to government-provided public goods, as well as access to higher education by the White rulers, and terrorism was, to the ANC, a necessary tactic to force the government to the negotiation tables and to restore fundamental human rights once denied to them. Thus, in this case, terrorism was born out of oppression. Another example would be the recent Domodedovo nternational Airport blast in Moscow, which killed more than thirty innocent civilians. Planted by Chechen separatists, it was, again, a tactic born out of their desperate need to force the Russian government into granting them independence. Again, the method of terror is perhaps objectionable, but it will be folly not to recognise its origins. Since the Cold War, Chechen people have been subjugated under Russian rule. Even after decades, they have yet to enjoy social and economic progress, and have had to contend with poor education and high unemployment. They thus see the bombing of Domodedovo Airport as a way for them to express their desire for the right to self-determination. Here again,
terrorism was born out of oppression.

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

J1 – Exam Practice using top JCs promo questions

J2 – Concept review on pure math and practice top JCs prelim questions

From A Level Math Tutors

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Nuclear Physics – Definitions

1. Nucleon
The name given to either a neutron or a proton.

2. Nucleon Number
Total no. of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

3. Proton Number
No. of protons in the nucleus of an atom

4. Atomic mass units
One atomic mass unit is one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon that has six neutrons, six protons and six electrons, ie an atom of carbon-12.

5. Avogadro‟s Constant
The number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. It is the number of atoms in one mole of any substance. It has the value of 6.02 x 10^23

6. Mass Defect
The difference between the total mass of all the separate nucleons (protons and neutrons) and the actual mass of the nucleus itself.

7. Binding Energy
Binding Energy of a nucleus is the minimum amount of energy needed to separate to infinity all the nucleons within the nucleus.

8.Nuclide
A nuclide is a collection of atoms as characterized by their nucleon and proton number.

9.Isotopes
Isotopes are different forms of the same element which have the same numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

10. Nuclear Fission
Nuclear fission refers to the splitting of a massive nucleus into two lighter nuclei of approximately equal mass, with the emission of a few neutrons and accompanied by conversion of part of the mass into energy.

11. Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion refers to the combination of lighter nuclides to form heavier, more stable nuclei, releasing energy in the process.

12. Radioactive decay
A process whereby an unstable „parent‟ nucleus undergoes spontaneous disintegration (to form a stable „daughter‟ nucleus or stable „daughter‟ nuclei) is called radioactive or nuclear decay. In the process of disintegration, a nucleus emits a particle (alpha or beta particle) and/ or a photon (gamma radiation).

13. Random
It is impossible to say exactly which particular nucleus in a sample is going to decay next and each nucleus in the sample has the same probability (chance) of decay per unit time.

14. Spontaneous
Spontaneous means that it is not affected by chemical reactions , external factors such as temperature and pressure or the presence of other nuclei.

15. Half life
Half life is the mean time taken for the number of undecayed radioactive nuclei in a sample to halve.

16. Activity
The activity of a radioactive material is the rate of disintegrations of nuclei.

17. Decay constant
Decay constant gives the probability of decay per unit time.

18. Count Rate
Count rate refers to the amount of radiations detected per unit time

For exam based questions with solutions, please contact
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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

REVISING H2 Biology FOR ‘A’ LEVELS IN 3 STEPS

Topic 6 – Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry

1. Explain the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

2. Describe the three phases of the Calvin cycle

3. Discuss how limiting factors may affect the rate of photosynthesis

4. Describe each of the main stages of aerobic respiration.

5. Explain the production of a small yield of ATP from anaerobic respiration

6. Describe the formation of ethanol in yeast and lactate in mammals.

7. Compare the storage and structural forms of starch, glycogen and cellulose

8. Describe the roles of starch, glycogen and cellulose in plants/animals.

9. Describe and explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.

10. Outline the roles and functions of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells.

11. Describe how substances may move across the cell membrane.

12. Explain the principles of homeostasis.

13. Explain the need for communication systems within organisms.

14. Describe and explain the transmission of an action potential along a myelinated neurone.

15. Describe the structure of a cholinergic synapse and explain how it functions.

16. Explain what is meant by an endocrine gland, using the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas as an example.

17. Explain how the blood glucose concentration is regulated by insulin and glucagon.

18. Describe the main stages of cell signalling

19. Explain the advantages of a cell signalling system.

For exam based questions and solutions, please contact Hp @9863 9633

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Electromagnetic Waves

1. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. They transfer energy from one place to another without the need for a material medium.

2. The speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum is 3 x 10^8 m/s

3. Electromagnetic waves can be reflected and refracted.

4. Velocity of the wave = frequency x wave length

5. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency in the ascending order
Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared radiation
Visible light
Ultraviolet rays
X-rays
Gramma rays

For more key points and exam based questions with full worked solution, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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