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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

Model Essay

Can the large amounts of money spent on sports nowadays be justified?

With the rise of media sports in general has gained a wider viewership today. The world is thrown into a sea of sporting events both local and international, from national interschool games to the highest and most grand sporting event: the Summer Olympics. Clubs and players alike have become instant celebrities when they win and many of these clubs boast an international fan base. Just take a look at the British Premier League with clubs such as Man U or Liverpool having fans in Asia. Large amounts of money are pumped into the sporting scene and whether the money used as a reward or to maintain equipment is justifiable. However, when the money is mishandled in the form of cheating or is wasted, it brings about major problems and is unjustifiable. After all, aren’t the majority of these funds derived from fans?

Today, sports enthusiasts feel that the large sums of money used to reward sportsmen and sportswomen for their hard work is justifiable. I agree to this statement. It is true that large rewards do entice the sportsmen since many have put aside their education in pursuit of their passion for sports. Many sports people are full-time athletes and have placed their careers into their sports. Such extreme cases include many footballers in less developed nations who consistently train in hopes of ‘hitting’ the big leagues so as to alleviate themselves and their families out of poverty. Such examples include famous international stars like Pele and Cristiano Ronaldo. The reward for their hard work and effort should keep them motivated to pursue their goals. The large sums of money also help to attract famous international stars to the competition. Therefore, the reward system is justified because it serves as a starting platform for sportsmen to pursue excellence.

Furthermore, proponents of sports state that huge sums of money are used by clubs and sporting societies to train young athletes as well as to maintain the equipment. In addition, clubs require the use of this money to train athletes so that they can perform at an international level of excellence. Such examples include the youth camps and youth training programs sponsored by clubs and even local governments. In local contexts the Singaporean government has groomed young talents through the Singapore Sports School where athletes are trained with the best equipment and trainers. The cost of subsidising these athletes is roughly $18000 annually per student. These funds help make sports more accessible to the poor at the same time ensuring the quality of the training regime. Thus the huge sum of money is justifiable to a large extent.

However in certain contexts, these huge sums of money have been mishandled where people resort to cheating to gain more money. With greater emphasis on honesty in sports, these cases are disheartening and disappointing to everyone in the sporting world. Such examples include the recent doping scandals at the Russian World Track and Field Championships where Tyson Gay, a world-class Olympic finalist sprinter was found to be using illegal substances. To add on to this dishonourable list, even local Singaporean businessmen have been found match-fixing by the World Soccer Association. When these funds are mishandled or are involved in gambling it creates distrust in the professionalism of sportsmen and their abilities, therefore it is crucial that these funds are allocated to those who have worked hard and hone their skills rather than to cheat.

In conclusion the huge sum of money spent on sports will increasing over time is undeniable. The funds should be handled properly by the clubs and associations and governments should also enforce stricter measures to deter anyone from cheating. On top of that clubs should also find more ways to give back to the community such as hosting more youth camps to ensure that the community benefits. The passion for sports is incited in everyone and thus should be the driving force behind sports and not greed. Fans should play their part by boycotting clubs or sportsmen using dishonest acts to win.

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

Redox – Exam Practice Question
3 (Time allocation: 12 min)
(a) Mixtures of CaCl2 and NaCl are used for salting roads to prevent ice formation. 1.95 g sample of such mixture was dissolved in water and excess aqueous Na2C2O4 was added to completely precipitate the Ca2+ ions as CaC2O4.

The CaC2O4 formed was separated from the solution and dissolved in sulphuric acid. The resulting H2C2O4 solution was titrated with 37.8 cm3 of 0.102 mol dm-3 KMnO4 solution.

(i) Given that C2O42- is oxidized to form carbon dioxide, write a balanced equation for the reaction of C2O42- and MnO4-. [1]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of H2C2O4 reacted with KMnO4. [1]

(iii) Calculate the mass of CaCl2 in the original sample. [2]

(iv) Hence, calculate the percentage mass of NaCl in the original sample.[2]

(b) 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 vanadium (II) solution, V2+(aq), reacted with 40.0 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm-3 iron (III) solution. Iron (III) ions was reduced to form iron (II) ions in the reaction. Calculate the final oxidation state of vanadium in the above reaction. [2]

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

Arithmetic Progression – Practice Questions

Question 1
The sum of the first nine terms of an arithmetic progression is 75 and the twenty-fifth term is also 75. Find the common difference and the sum of the first hundred terms. [10/3,16000]

Question 2
The sum of the first n terms of a series is given by Sn = n^2 – 3n, n > 1. Show that the series is an arithmetic series. Hence, find the first term, a and the common difference, d. [-2,-2]

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Mastering Qualitative Questions

Chapter 8: Gravitational Part 2

9. On the same axes below, sketch and label graphs to show the variation with distance of
(i) gravitational potential
(ii) gravitational field strength, g, between the Earth and the Moon [3]

10. Explain why satellites are launched at or near the equator. [1]

11. Many systems, such as the Global Positioning System uses several satellites in low orbits that pass over the Earth’s poles.
Suggest two advantages of these low polar orbits and two advantages of geostationary orbits. [3]

13 A pupil claimed that true weightlessness could be experienced at a point somewhere between the Earth and the Moon if all other planets and objects are very far away.
Explain whether you agree with this claim. [2]

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

Sketching a Quadratic Curve

Summary

1. Shape of the curve; a minimum curve or a maximum curve

When a>0 — a minimum curve

When a<0 — a maximum curve

2. Axes-intercept

Set y = 0 and find x

Set x = 0 and find y

3. Value of the turning point

4. End points if domain is given

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

Multiplication of Fraction

1. Convert all mixed numbers to improper fractions first.

2. Simply the fractions by ‘cancelling’ to see if anything will divide into any of the top numbers and also the bottom numbers.

3. Multiply the numerators, the the denominators together.

Example 1
8/9 x 3/4
= 2/3 x 1/1
= 2/3

Example 2
1 2/5 x 2/3
= 7/5 x 2/3
= 14/15

Example 3
2 1/3 x 3 1/5
= 5/2 x 16/5
= 1/1 x 8/1
= 8

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Practical Electricity Part 3

11. The earth wire provides a low resistance path for electric currents to flow from the metal parts of a faulty electrical appliance to the ground. Appliances with three-pin plugs are earthed.

12. The fuse is a safety device that is connected to the live wire. It contains a metal wire that melts to to disconnect a circuit when excessive current flows through it. The current rating of a fuse is the minimum amount of current that will cause it to melt.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Important Definitions – Alkanes & Alkenes

6. Isomerism is the existence of two or more organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. These different compound called isomers.

7. A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom (or a group of atoms) in an organic molecule is replaced by another atom ( or group of atoms)

8. An addition reaction is a reaction in which an unsaturated organic compound combines with another substance to form a single product.

9. Cracking is a process in which a large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

10. Polyunsaturated compounds are organic molecules that contain more than c=c bond.

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Important Definitions – Alkanes & Alkenes

6. Isomerism is the existence of two or more organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. These different compound called isomers.

7. A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom (or a group of atoms) in an organic molecule is replaced by another atom ( or group of atoms)

8. An addition reaction is a reaction in which an unsaturated organic compound combines with another substance to form a single product.

9. Cracking is a process in which a large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

10. Polyunsaturated compounds are organic molecules that contain more than c=c bond.

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Practical Electricity Part 3

11. The earth wire provides a low resistance path for electric currents to flow from the metal parts of a faulty electrical appliance to the ground. Appliances with three-pin plugs are earthed.

12. The fuse is a safety device that is connected to the live wire. It contains a metal wire that melts to to disconnect a circuit when excessive current flows through it. The current rating of a fuse is the minimum amount of current that will cause it to melt.

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

TOPIC 1: CELLULAR FUNCTIONS – Part 6

LEARNING OUTCOME

(f)Explain the meaning of the terms primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure of proteins, and describe the types of bonding (hydrogen, ionic, disulphide and hydrophobic interactions) which hold the molecule in shape.

ESSAY ANSWER

Primary structure
Primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids held together by petide bonds in a polypeptide chain. The number, type and sequence of amino acids incorporated into the primary structure are very specific and vary in different proteins. There are 20 different fundamental amino acids. The amino acid sequence (and the R groups) dictates the biological function of the protein. It determines the furthest levels of organisation and hence different properties of
proteins. A change in one amino acid in the chain may completely alter the properties of the polypeptide.

Secondary structure
Secondary structure refers to the shape of a polypeptide chain that is formed as a result of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of the polypeptide chain. Disulfide linkages / bonds can be found in some secondary structure proteins like keratin. Two common secondary structures present in proteins are  helix and  pleated sheet.

In a helix, polypeptide chain is normally coiled up into an a helix held together by many intra-H bonds formed. H of the NH group of 1 amino acid is hydrogen bonded to O atom of C=O group 4 amino acids ahead of it. The hydrogen bond is the result of electron-sharing in the NH group which leaves the H slightly positive and the CO group which leaves O slightly negative, hence they attract. a helix has 1 complete turn for every 3.6 amino acids forming a stable structure. Few proteins consist entirely of a helix. Majority have other forms of interaction between their side chains.

Beta pleated sheet consists of adjacent chains which are parallel that run in same or antiparallel that run in opposite directions. Chains are joined by H bonds between C=O and NH groups of 1 chain & NH & C=O groups of the adjacent chain. This structure gives the protein its stability, high tensile strength and flexibility, but not elasticity.

Tertiary structure
Tertiary structure refers to the compact globular structure (globular proteins) as a result of further coiling and extensive folding of polypeptide chain (a helix and/or  pleated sheet). As the polypeptide folds into its functional conformation, amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) R groups (side chains) congregate in clusters via hydrophobic interactions at the core of the protein, out of contact with water. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonds between polar R groups (side chains) and ionic bonds between positively and negatively charged R groups (side chains) also help to stabilise tertiary structure, by facing towards the aqueous environment. Hence, the tertiary structure is a result of the intramolecular bonds and interactions which are disulfide linkages /
bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions and
hydrogen bonds.

Quaternary structure
Quaternary structure refers to the highly complex protein consists of an
aggregation of 2 or more extensively coiled polypeptide chains held
together by intermolecular bonds or interactions such as disulfide
linkages, hydrophobic interactions, ionic and hydrogen bonds. For
example, haemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains linked by various bonds.
Tertiary and quaternary structures are important because the conformation in which the protein is folded is responsible for the biological activity of the protein.

Types of bonding and interactions that hold protein molecules in shape:

Peptide bonds
Peptide bonds are involved in the primary structure of proteins. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another by means of a condensation reaction. Once two amino acids are joined together via a peptide bond, a dipeptide is formed. The dipeptide possesses a free amino group at one end and a free carboxyl group at the other. Continued condensation leads to the addition of further amino acids (monomers) resulting in the formation of a long chain polymer called a polypeptide.

Disulfide linkages / bonds
Disulfide linkages / bonds are strong, covalent bonds formed from
oxidation of sulfhydryl (-SH) groups of 2 neighbouring cysteine’s R
groups. These chemical bonds can be broken by reducing agents even
though they are the strongest of all the chemical bonds.

Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds are weak electrostatic interactions between oppositely
charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed at a certain pH when there is interaction between ionised amino (NH3+) and carboxylic groups (COO-) of the R groups of the basic amino acids (e.g. lysine) and the acidic amino acids (e.g. aspartic acid) respectively. The oppositely charged R groups containing the COO- and NH3+ are attracted to one another. Besides that, the NH3+ and COO- can also occur at both ends of a polypeptide chain. Ionic bonds are formed at a suitable pH but can be broken if pH changes.

Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrophobic interaction is a type of weak chemical bond formed when
uncharged and non-polar groups cluster away from water. The polypeptide
folds so as to shield hydrophobic R groups from the aqueous environment.
Hydrophilic R groups project out of the protein and interact with water
(hydrophilic interactions) while hydrophobic R groups are shielded inside protein and do not interact with water. Hence, in the aqueous cytoplasm, proteins assume the globular shape with hydrophobic groups on the inside and the hydrophilic groups outside to associate with the aqueous medium. Thus the hydrophobic interaction is actually caused by the action of water molecules which exclude non-polar substances as water molecules hydrogen-bond to one another and to hydrophilic parts of the protein.

Note:
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions are not bonds; they are, as
termed, interactions.

Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are bonds formed between H atoms (such as those
attached to N or O atoms as in –NH or OH groups) and N or O atoms within
the polypeptide chain. H atoms have a small positive charge while N and O atoms have a small negative charge. This is because N and O atoms have
higher electronegativities than hydrogen atom and therefore are able to
draw the bonding electrons nearer to them. Oppositely charged atoms (e.g. between hydrogen and nitrogen or between hydrogen and oxygen) are attracted to each other and form a hydrogen bond. While each hydrogen bonds is very weak, the large number of such bonds means they are strong and they play an important role in the shape and stability of a polypeptide molecule.

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Hi H2/H1 Economics Tuition Students

Essay Question

With growing affluence, Singaporeans are changing their consumption pattern. Coupled with a more health conscious mindset, there is an increased consumption of yoga services. With greater expected profitability, there has been an emergence of large yoga studios such as Absolute Yoga and small yoga studios in the neighbourhoods, where large studios offer a wider range of services.

(a) Explain the likely effects of these changes on the market for yoga membership. [10]

(b) Large studios enjoy greater advantages as compared to small studios. To what extent do you agree with this statement? [15]

Suggested Answer Scheme

Part (a)
Candidates are expected to use demand and supply analysis to illustrate the effects of the changes on the market for yoga membership. Candidates are expected to explain the simultaneous shifts in demand and supply, and its resultant effects on price and quantity. The best candidates are likely to incorporate the concept of YED into their explanation to demonstrate the eventual increase in price for yoga membership.

Introduction:
 State that the market equilibrium is the situation whereby there is no tendency for change in the market. This occurs when quantity demanded equals to quantity supplied (Qd = Qs). Thus, there is no shortage or surplus in the market.
 Hence, changes in the demand and supply conditions would result in changes in the market equilibrium price and quantity.
 There is an increase in demand for yoga and an increase in supply of yoga services. Thus, equilibrium quantity will increase but price of yoga membership may be indeterminate.

Body:
Increase in Demand
 Define demand to be the quantity of a well-defined good or service (i.e: Yoga services) that consumers are willing and able to buy at each price, ceteris paribus.
 Possible non-price determinants causing an increase in demand for yoga
 Changes in consumers’ taste and preference. A health conscious mindset and a greater awareness of wanting to keep trim and fit will cause an increase in quantity demanded for yoga at every price level, resulting in an increase in demand for yoga as shown in Figure 1.
 Changes in consumers’ income. With increasing affluence, it could mean that Singaporeans’ income is increasing. Thus, there is an increase in quantity demanded for yoga at every price level, resulting in an increase in demand for yoga as shown in Figure 1.
 Notably, as the demand for yoga would be considered a luxury good to most households in Singapore, the demand is relatively income elastic. Thus, there could be a more than proportionate increase in demand for yoga. This is illustrated by a relatively large extent of shift in demand curve.

Increase in Supply
 Define supply to be the quantity of a well-defined good or service (i.e. Yoga services) that sellers are willing to put up for sale at each price, ceteris paribus.
 Non-price determinant that caused an increase in supply
 Producers’ expectations of expected profitability. Studios expect that in near future there will be a surge in the number of people going for yoga lessons. Thus, studios may open up more classes or build more studios to cater to the increasing number of health conscious consumers in Singapore. This causes an increase in quantity supplied at every price level, resulting in increase in supply for yoga services.

Simultaneous shifts in demand and supply
 The above should be accompanied by a graphical representation of the simultaneous increase in demand from D0 to D1 and supply from S0 to S1. Equilibrium quantity of yoga membership will increase, price may be indeterminate.
 However, given that yoga membership is considered a luxury good as explained earlier, there will be a more than proportionate increase in demand for yoga.
 In addition, demand may increase more than supply as it takes time for yoga studios to be built. Thus, the supply of yoga services may not match the increase in demand for the services. Therefore, price of yoga membership increases.

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

Model Essay

Do libraries still have a role to play in your society?

In spite of many people in Singapore feeling that libraries do not have such an important role as compared to the past, libraries are still accessible around almost every area in Singapore. Libraries still fulfil their role of being a place to store information, bring people together as well as provide a conducive environment for people to go to when they need a quiet place. Thus in my opinion, libraries still have a role to play in my society.

Nowadays, some people feel that the role of libraries is diminishing due to people being more tech-savvy in the modern society. These people feel that there is no need for libraries to be around anymore as they can easily obtain any information that used to be only available in libraries through online sources. For example news reports are available online on platforms such as ChannelNews Asia or The Straits Times and there is no need to purchase printed copies of newspapers or even look for them in libraries. Furthermore, news about other countries in the world is also available on online platforms unlike in libraries. “Bookworms” who are wealthier may even afford an electronic book (e-book) and not need to flip through traditional printed books in libraries to obtain enjoyment and satisfaction in the stories they need. Therefore, the role of libraries in Singapore may seem less important to some as online platforms may share similar roles of sharing information due to increasing affluence and higher purchasing power of individuals to afford electronic devices in Singapore. However, libraries still have a large role to play in other aspects such as providing a conducive environment for people to study or relax even though it plays a small role for some people.

On the other hand, libraries provide a quiet and conducive environment for people who are not able to concentrate on their work at noisy places or even at home. Libraries still have a role to play in Singapore and this is evident by the numerous public libraries such as the National Library and the Marine Parade Library which is located close to the central district area and community area respectively. The library provides different functions for the different groups of individuals in Singapore. Children are able to visit the children’s section where there may be an activity room and where events are held once in a while and simple books in various languages are available and appeal to the different groups of children. This is also applicable for both youths and adults as there are sections in the library which appeal to the different age groups. Moreover, libraries would definitely have places for people to study or do their work as students and adults can concentrate on their work or do research in a peaceful environment. Thus, for people who work efficiently in a quiet environment, visiting libraries would be their choice and therefore it still plays a role in Singapore similarly as in the past as people may not experience a change in their lifestyle or habits.

In addition, libraries are still places for people to stay connected and develop a shared identity as it is a public area where everyone is able to visit and enjoy the families available. Libraries are one of the places to relax from their hectic lifestyle, enables families to develop stronger ties or individuals to connect with their peers. In this fast-paced society, libraries still provide a place for people to stay connected and this is observed by parents spending time with their children by reading to them at the children’s section of libraries. Even though there is a significant increase in the number of dual-income families in Singapore, we would still observe parents spending time with their children at libraries especially during weekends where a cheerful atmosphere is created at a particular section of the library. Also, to accommodate to the multiracial and religious society in Singapore, the library contains information in all languages to cater to the needs of different individuals so that no one is left out. This further strengthens the Singaporean identity as we are taught to be tolerant of and accept each other regardless of our differing backgrounds. Therefore the role of the library as a place for people to stay connected and develop a shared identity has not changed as the needs of all individuals are considered.

Furthermore, libraries still play the role of storing information which may not be available elsewhere. Although the people in Singapore are tech-savvy and many are able to afford electronic devices to obtain accessible information quickly, not all the citizens in Singapore may be able to afford it. Some people who are less wealthy may not afford to purchase their own devices and may need to visit the library to obtain the information they want. Computers are placed in libraries to cater to these people and they may also print essential information on the spot in libraries as they can borrow these facilities and not need to feel burdened by not being able to own their private devices. Books, magazines, discs and newspapers are available for borrowing and these cater to other people who still traditional methods of reading or viewing information. Also, some information about the past may not be available on online platforms and can only be found in libraries or may not be available for borrowing as they are precious records and can only be referred to in the library itself. Thus, the role of the library of storing information is still relevant as traditional sources of information may be more reliable than online sources where almost anyone is able to post them online.

In conclusion, libraries still play a vital role in Singapore as many people still visit libraries to obtain what they want or enjoy the facilities and environment provided. This is proven by the many public libraries still available in Singapore even though our society may have changed. Libraries still function as a place where bonds are formed and information is provided.

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

(Time allocation: 9 min)
When sodium is burned in air, a mixture of sodium oxide, Na2O, and sodium peroxide, Na2O2, is formed. The mixture reacts with water according to the following equations.
Na2O + H2O —> 2NaOH
Na2O2 + 2H2O —> 2NaOH + H2O2
The following information will allow you to calculate the relative amounts of the two oxides produced when sodium is burned.
• The mixture obtained by burning a sample of sodium was dissolved in distilled water and made to 100 cm3 to give solution H.
• A 25.0 cm3 of solution H was titrated with 0.100 mol dm-3 HCl. 22.50 cm3 of acid was required to reach the end-point. (A)
• The H2O2 content of solution H was found by titration of another 25.0 cm3 portion with 0.0200 mol dm-3 KMnO4. 10.0 cm3 of KMnO4 solution was required to reach the end-point. (B)

(a) Using the results of HCl titration, calculate the total number in moles of NaOH in 100 cm3 of solution H.

(b) (i) Write a balanced equation for the oxidation of H2O2 with KMnO4 in an acidic medium.

(ii) Using the results of the KMnO4 titration, calculate the amount in moles of H2O2 in 100 cm3 of solution H.

(c) Hence, calculate the amount in moles of Na2O and Na2O2 formed during the burning of the sodium sample.
Na2O + H2O —> 2NaOH …..(1)
Na2O2 + 2H2O —> 2NaOH + H2O2 ….(2)

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

Geometric Progression

A geometric progression is a sequence such that the ratio between every pair of consecutive terms is a constant number i.e. a sequence of the form

a, ar, ar2, ar3, ……

The constant r is called the common ratio.

General nth term of a geometric progression

Un = ar^(n-1)

Sum of GP

Sn = [a(1-r^n]/(1-r) lrl 1

Sum to infinity = a/(1-r)

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