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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Lesson Plan for 22nd Feb 2014 JC1 H1/H2

Econs

I) Recap (Know or You “Die” Concepts)
1. Explain the concept of scarcity, inevitability of choice and opportunity cost.
a) Scarcity arises because of limited resources and unlimited wants. Resources are limited because the world has a finite amount of them. Unlimited wants refer to the desire for ever higher levels of consumption once a particular level of demand is met. Due to the problem of scarcity, factors of production must be utilized as efficiently as possible to produce the goods and services most desired by society. Some wants might have to be given up because the
limited resources require us to fulfill more basic urgent needs. Hence because of scarcity, choices have to be made.
b) Choice refers to the act of selecting among alternatives and it
involves sacrifices known as opportunity cost. In making choices, the four most fundamental problems an economy must resolve are:
i. What to produce
ii. How much to produce
iii. How to produce
iv. For whom to produce
c) Opportunity cost = the next best alternative forgone.

2. Explain the meaning of resources and the factor payments associated with each resource type, with examples.
a) Land – all plots of ground and other natural resources used in the production of goods and services. Rent is received by land owners for the use of land.
b) Labor – All human efforts, both physical and mental which are used in the production of goods and services. In return for their services, human receive wages.
c) Capital – All man-made aids which are used in the production of further wealth. It can be distinguished between physical and human
capital. Physical consists of manufactured items that are directly used in the production of goods and services. For example, machines, roads. If the owner of a machine rents outs his machinery, he receives interests as payment for the rental. Human capital consists of the knowledge and skills people develop through education and on-the-job training that enhance one’s ability to produce. For example, the knowledge and skills of a surgeon acquired through education in medical school.
d) Entrepreneurship – All managerial, organizational and decision making skills put together for more effective methods of producing goods and services. In return, entrepreneurs receive profits for risk-taking.

3. Explain the concept of opportunity cost at individual, firm and national levels.
a) Individuals (Fixed income)
b) Firm (Fixed financial capital, raw materials)
c) Country (limited resources)

4. Define the PPC.
a) The PPC is a curve which shows all the possible combinations of 2 goods that a country can produce within a specified period of time with all its resources fully and efficiently employed and at a given state of technology.
b) Key assumptions: produce only 2 goods, fixed quantity and quality of resources, full employment and fixed technology.

5. Use the PPC to illustrate scarcity, choice and opportunity cost
a) Scarcity = downward sloping shape of PPC
b) Choice = movement along PPC
c) Opportunity Cost = Negative slope of PPC

6. Understand the significance of points under, on and beyond PPC
a) Points inside = attainable but inefficient
b) Points outside = not attainable but desirable due to scarcity

7. Explain factors that can cause movement onto PPC

8. Explain the factors that can cause the shift in PPC and what are the implications of a shift on economy and standard of living
II) Demand Concepts
a) Definition
b) Law of Demand
c) Graph for demand
d) Determinants of demand
i) Price of the product
ii) Consumers’ income
iii) Prices of substitutes and complements
iv) Taste and preferences of consumers
v) Consumers’ expectations
vi) Number of consumers in the market
e) Complementary demand
f) Competitive Demand
g) Derived demand
III) Supply Concepts
a) Definition
b) Law of Supply
c) Graph for Supply
d) Determinants of supply
i) Prices of the good/service
ii) Prices of Inputs
iii) Current state of production technology
iv) Producers expectations
v) Number of producers in the market
vi) Governments Policies
e) Joint supply
f) Competitive Supply

IV) Price and Quantity Determination

V) Price Mechanism

Please contact Angie Hp 96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633 if you need help in Economics and complete Notes

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key definitions – Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids

1. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl (—OH) group.

2. Fermentation is the process of converting sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, catalysed by the enzymes in yeast.

3. Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl (—COOH) group.

4. Esters are organic compounds produced from the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols.

5. Esterification is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to produce an ester and water.

If you need help in the Organic Chemistry, please contact Angie @96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

Key definitions – Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids

1. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl (—OH) group.

2. Fermentation is the process of converting sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide, catalysed by the enzymes in yeast.

3. Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl (—COOH) group.

4. Esters are organic compounds produced from the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols.

5. Esterification is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to produce an ester and water.

If you need help in the Organic Chemistry, please contact Angie @96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Pure Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Electromagnetic Induction

1. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the electromotive force induced in a conductor is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the conductor.

2. The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is increased by
(a)increasing the strength of the magnetic field by using stronger magnets;
(b)increasing the number of turns in the solenoid;
(c)increasing the speed of motion in the magnetic field;
(d)winding the coil on a soft iron core to strengthen the magnetic field through the coil.

3. Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced e.m.f., and hence the induced current in a closed circuit, always opposes the motion or change that produces it.

4. Fleming’s right-hand rule gives the direction of the induced e.m.f. or current (represented by the second finger) which is 90° to the direction of motion (represented by the thumb) and the magnetic field (represented by the forefinger).

5. The simple alternating current (a.c.) generator uses a rotating coil in a magnetic field to convert kinetic energy to electricity

6. A simple transformer has two circuits consisting of a primary coil and a secondary coil, each at opposite ends of a laminated soft iron core.
(a) Step-up transformers increase voltages and decrease current. There are fewer turns on the primary coil Np than on the secondary coil Ns.
(b) Step-down transformers decrease voltages and increase current. There are more turns on the primary coil than on the secondary coil.

7.The turns ratio of a transformer is given below.

Ns/Np = Vs/Vp = Ip/Is

where
Ns = number of turns in secondary coil
Np = number of turns in primary coil Vs = secondary output voltage
Vs = secondary input voltage
Vp = primary input voltage
Is = current in the secondary coil
Ip = current in the primary coil

8. The cathode-ray oscilloscope (C.R.O.) is a device used to measure d.c. and a.c. voltages, study waveforms and measure time and frequency.

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O-Level Additional Mathematics Tuition Singapore

Study Notes – Equations and Inequilities

1. Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations can be solved by
(a) the algebraic method (substitution),
(b) the graphical method (finding the points of intersection).

2. Given that x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
ax^2 + bx + c = 0 where a is not 0,
(a) sum of roots = x1 + x2 = — —b/c
(b) product of roots = (x1)(x2) = c/a

3. A quadratic equation with roots x1 and x2 is given by
(x — x1)(x — x2) = 0 or
x^2- (x1 + x2)x + (x1)(x2) = 0.

4. To solve a problem on intersection of a line and a curve,
(a) equate the two given equations to form a quadratic equation in x or y,
(b) use the relationship between the discriminant and the number of points of intersection to solve the given problem.

For exam based question with full worked solution, please contact
@9863 9633

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O Level E Maths Tuition Singapore/Tuition O Level E Maths/Tutor

Rate, Ratio and Speed

1. A ratio is a comparison of like quantities measured in like units or quantities of the same kind. A ratio has no units.

2. If the number of children in a school is increased from 40 to 50, then the ratio of the number of present children to the number of previous children
= 50 : 40
=5 : 4

3. We say the number of children has been increased in the
ratio 5 : 4

4. For example,
A shopkeeper sold 72 t-shirts yesterday. The number of t-shirts he sold today decreased to 54. We say that the ratio of the number of t-shirts he sold had been decreased in the ratio 3 : 4. (Note : 54 : 72 = 3 : 4)

5. A rate expresses a relationship between two quantities of different kinds.

6. Average speed of a moving body is given by the formula:

Average speed = Total distance travelled /Total time taken

For Exam based questions with full worked solution. Please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Mathematics Tuition Singapore/JC Maths/H2 Math Tuition and Tutor

Hi A-Level/H2 Math Students

DO

1. Plan your timetable well so that you are able to allocate time to revise all the topics.

2. An overview of every topic is provided in the revision package, which
highlights some of the important concepts. However, this is not to replace
the lecture notes that contain more examples.

4. Revise all lessons notes and examples given by One.Tuition Place, other JCs Prelim Papers and Past Years GCE ‘A’ Level Questions

5. Optimise the use of Graphic Calculator whenever possible.

6. Practice time management.

If you have problems in your tutorial. Math tutor in One.Tution Place can help you. Please call Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/H2 Chemistry Tuition/JC Chemistry Tutor

Atoms, Molecules and Stoichiometry – Notes

6 Stoichiometry

6.1 Avogadro’s Hypothesis
• Avogadro’s hypothesis states that:
Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
• This means that 1 mole of a gas will contain 6.02 × 1023 molecules/atoms and occupy the same molar volume under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

6.2 Limiting Reagent
• In carrying out chemical reactions, the reagents are not always present in stoichiometric amounts.
• One or more reagents may be in excess of that theoretically needed for complete reaction. The deficient reactant is called the limiting reactant and is used up completely in the reaction.
• The maximum or theoretical yield of a product is thus determined based on the limiting reactant.

6.3 Percentage Yield
• The yield of a product calculated from the chemical equation is called the theoretical yield.
• The actual yield refers to the amount of product that is actually obtained in the reaction during an experiment. The actual yield obtained is usually less than the theoretical yield.
• The percentage yield relates the actual yield to the theoretical yield and is expressed as follows:

Percentage Yield = (Actual yield (g))/ (Theoretical yield (g)) x 100%

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A Level GP/General Paper Tuition Singapore

Model Essay

How important is censorship in today’s society?

According to the United Nations, human rights include the freedom of speech and freedom of expression. With this definition many believe that censorship is an infringement of human rights and it should not be tolerated. If we think about it, the people of the past may not feel this way. However, with the rapid advancement of technology and increasing globalised world evolving, we cannot help but think twice about the use of censorship. This has been a question thought about by the governments in the world and even their people: Is censorship essential in our society today? The majority in today’s society who are supportive of freedom of rights and expression may immediately say no. However, in my opinion censorship is still largely important in today’s society. It actually is even more important today than it was in the past. There, however, is an exception of repressive regimes abusing the use of censorship to dictate the views of its people. For this I feel that censorship is not important in this aspect. Nevertheless, observing the trends of people in today’s society, children are becoming more impressionable and less discerning ironically and thus have to be protected from the erosion of moral values. With advancements in technology, war-time censorship becomes more important than ever and with increased mobility of people and more people of different races and religions living together censorship has become more important in today’s society to prevent the denigration of other races and religions. Thus in my opinion, censorship is largely important in today’s society.

While censorship is largely important in today’s society, it is not so when it is abused by the repressive regimes in suppressing information from its people for their national interest, which is more often than not at the expense of their citizens. For instance, China abused the use of censorship to conceal information about their tainted milk scandal in 2008. China’s government declined to release updated figures of the number of children affected in this incident, the more prevented swift actions from being taken to contain the problem and more citizens suffered from the incident. This clearly shows that censorship is not important when it is used to conceal information from the public who has the rights to know about what is happening in its country and to prevent themselves from being harmed. China used censorship as a tool to boost confidence in its food and safety standards, however at the expense of the real safety of its people. In another example, North Korea, many are aware that the repressive regime misuses censorship to influence the thinking of its people. Censorship is often used for propaganda purposes in North Korea and television, and radio receivers are locked to government-specified frequency. Its journalists are all required to go for ideological training every week where they are told what ‘news’ they are allowed to publish. Information presented by the government is deemed as the truth to its people as they have no alternative sources of information to compare facts with. In such examples we see how censorship is actually unimportant when misused as a tool by the government. In today’s society, people should have the rights to know more about the world and should not be presented with half-baked lies which dictate and distort their views.

For complete essay please Contact 9863 9633

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A-Level Physics Tuition Singapore/H2 Physics Tuition/JC Physics Tutor

Hi A-level/H2/JC Physics Tuition students

Mastering Qualitative Questions

Chapter 15 Electromagnetism

1. Explain how it is possible to select ions of a particular speed by changing the electric and magnetic fields. [3]

2. Two straight parallel current-carrying conductors of equal length carrying currents in same direction, are placed next to each other. Explain, why forces exist between the two conductors. State the direction of the forces.

3. A charged particle may experience a force in an electric field and in a magnetic field. State two differences between the forces experienced in the two types of field.

For the above questions models answer, please contact Mr Ong @9863 9633

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A-Level Biology Tuition Singapore/H2 Biology Tuition/JC Biology Tutor

TOPIC 1: CELLULAR FUNCTIONS – Part 12

LEARNING OUTCOME

(l)Explain the importance of mitosis in growth, repair and asexual reproduction.

ESSAY ANSWER

Mitosis being a type of nuclear division aids in the formation of daughter cells that are exact copies of the parents. This maintenance of identical chromosomal numbers, exact genetic information, and same ploidy as the parental cells is crucial in that new resulting cells must have the same type and number of chromosomes as the cells which they are replacing in the following 3 processes:

1. Growth
It is an increase in number of cells within the organism. For tissue
growth, it is important new cells are identical to existing cells so that they carry out the same function.

2. Repair
It is the regeneration of cells and tissues lost in normal processes of
wear and tear, aging, damage, and disease. It is important that damaged
cells are replaced with exact copies of the original cells in order for the tissue to function properly.

3. Asexual Reproduction
It is the reproduction of a unicellular organism without production of
gametes. For example; binary fission (in bacteria, Amoeba, and
Paramecium), budding (in Hydra and yeast), and vegetative propagation
in potato, onion, and ginger. It is important to ensure that offspring are genetically identical to parent.

For exam based questions and solutions, please contact Hp @9863 9633

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A-Level Economics Tuition Singapore/H2/H1 Economics Tuition

Topic 2.2 Macroeconomic Aims, Problems/Issues, Consequences and Policies

Syllabus

Macroeconomic Problems and their Causes
• Undesirable rates of economic growth
• High inflation rate
• High unemployment rate
• Persistent or large balance of payments deficit

Outcome
• Explain the meaning of undesirable rates of economic growth, high inflation rate, high unemployment rate and persistent or large balance of payments deficit.
• Analyse the causes and consequence of macroeconomic problems.

Macroeconomics Lecture 10 : Balance of Payment Part 2

10.1 Balance of Payments Deficits and Surpluses

In the news we often hear or read about a nation’s balance of payments deficit or surplus. But if the balance of payments must balance, why the talk about deficits and surpluses?

Sometimes, commentators are referring to the balance of trade although they are technically inaccurate and hence should be more explicit. In general, however, such references are made with respect to the balance of payments excluding government capital account transactions in official reserve assets (foreign currency, gold, and standard drawing rights) and liquid claims against these reserves.

10.2 Balance of Payments Deficit

10.2.1 Definition

A balance of payments deficit means that the government is reducing its holdings of official reserve assets or that the liquid claims of foreign governments against these reserves are increasing, or both. The deficit equal the excess of the nation’s payments to other nations over the payments received from other nations exclusive of government capital account transactions in official reserves and liquid claims.

10.2.2 Causes

(a) When there is a deficit in the Balance of Trade, the value of exported goods is less than the value of imported goods.

Terms of Trade is the rate at which units of one product can be exchanged for units of another product; the price of a good or service; the amount of one good or service that must be given up to obtain 1 unit of another good or service.

A deficit in the Balance of Trade (thereby contributing to a deficit in the Current Account) is due to a worsening of the Terms of Trade.

It can arise because of

(i) A fall in export which may be due to
• Increase in the relative price of exports due to (i) inflation; or (ii) strengthening of the exporting country’s currency or weakening of the importing country’s currency; (iii) deliberate use of monopoly power by the producer(s) in the exporting country
• Fall in the quality of exports
• Natural disasters that destroy the export output
• Import substitution by trading partners
• Changes in tastes and preferences of foreign consumers
• Increase in retained output for home consumption
• Fall in the volume of services rendered to foreigners due to higher prices or other unforeseen political events such as war etc.

(ii) An increase in imports which may be due to
• Lower import prices due to inflation and/or strengthening of the exporting country’s currency or weakening of the importing country’s currency
• Reconstruction after natural disasters
• Rising incomes
• Rising population
• Large imports of raw materials and investment goods for economic development
• Large imports of consumption goods
• Large imports of essential raw materials that have risen in price e.g. oil.

(b) When there is a deficit in the Current Account due to investment income paid to foreigners. Examples include dividends paid to foreigners for their financial investments in the country; profits repatriated to foreign direct investors for their FDIs in the country. A deficit in the Current Account can also be due to an increase in net transfers (-ve sign) due to a fall in repatriation of salary from workers living abroad or an increase in repatriation of salary of foreign workers in the country.

(c) When there is a deficit in the Capital Account due to (i) short term capital outflows and (ii) long term capital outflows.

Long term capital outflows can arise from investments in foreign countries e.g. Government Investment Corporation of Singapore (“GIC”) investing in Citibank. As this will bring in eventual inflow of profits, it would not be undesirable. Other long term capital outflows can be due to structural changes, political changes and changes in government policy. For example, if a country loses its cost competitiveness, multinational companies may exit the country by closing down its manufacturing facilities thereby resulting in long term capital outflows. If a country’s government is hostile to foreign investors, foreign investors will exit the country and with their exit, a long term capital outflow.

Short term capital outflows are caused by changes in money supply and short term interest rate changes. Specifically, when the central bank increases money supply, the interest rate falls, leading to capital outflows in search of higher interest rate returns overseas. Short term capital outflows can arise from financial panic or speculation which are undesirable for the country’s financial stability.

Please contact Angie Hp 96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633 if you need help in Economics and complete Notes

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

The Manufacture of Alkenes by Cracking

1. Alkenes are obtained by the cracking of petroleum fractions, such as the naphtha fraction.

2. Cracking is the process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

3. When an alkane molecule is cracked, a mixture of short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen are formed.
Example:
When the alkane C13H28 in naphtha is cracked, it is broken up into smaller alkane and alkene molecules

3. When an alkane molecule is cracked, a mixture of short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen
are formed.

Example:
When the alkane C13H28 in naphtha is cracked, it is broken up into smaller alkane and alkene molecules

4. The conditions used for cracking
(a) In industries, cracking is carried out by passing the petroleum fraction over the catalyst at high temperature. The process is called catalytic cracking.
(b) The conditions for catalytic cracking are:
• Temperature: 600°C
• Catalyst: Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, or aluminium oxide, A/203

5. In the school laboratory, catalytic cracking can be carried out using the apparatus as shown in the following diagram.

If you need help in the Organic Chemistry, please contact Angie @96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level/Physics and Chemistry Tuition/Physics Tutor

Key Points – Electromagnetism Part 2

7. Magnetic field lines are drawn to represent magnetic fields. Lines that are closer together indicate a greater magnetic field strength where a charged particle experiences a greater magnetic force.

8. An induced magnetic field is strongest near the conductor. It weakens as the distance from the conductor increases. Magnetic field strength also increases as the current in the conductor increases.

9. A charged particle moving in a magnetic field perpendicular to its direction of motion experiences a magnetic force that causes it to
deflect in a circular path.

10. A pair of parallel wires attracts each other if the currents in both wires are in the same direction. A pair of wires repels each other if the currents they carry are in opposite directions.

11. A rectangular coil carrying an electric current in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect due to the magnetic forces acting on each side of the coil. This turning effect is used in the action of a simple d.c. motor.

If you need help in the above topics, please contact Angie @96790479 or Mr Ong @98639633

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O Level Chemistry Tuition Singapore/Chemistry O Level Tuition/Tutor

The Manufacture of Alkenes by Cracking

1. Alkenes are obtained by the cracking of petroleum fractions, such as the naphtha fraction.

2. Cracking is the process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

3. When an alkane molecule is cracked, a mixture of short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen are formed.
Example:
When the alkane C13H28 in naphtha is cracked, it is broken up into smaller alkane and alkene molecules

3. When an alkane molecule is cracked, a mixture of short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen
are formed.

Example:
When the alkane C13H28 in naphtha is cracked, it is broken up into smaller alkane and alkene molecules

4. The conditions used for cracking
(a) In industries, cracking is carried out by passing the petroleum fraction over the catalyst at high temperature. The process is called catalytic cracking.
(b) The conditions for catalytic cracking are:
• Temperature: 600°C
• Catalyst: Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, or aluminium oxide, A/203

5. In the school laboratory, catalytic cracking can be carried out using the apparatus as shown in the following diagram.

If you need help in the Organic Chemistry, please contact Angie @96790479 or Mr Ong 98639633

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