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Definitions – Kinematics

1. Displacement
Displacement is defined as the distance travelled in a stated direction relative to a certain reference point
Instantaneous velocity

2. Instantaneous Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement with time at a particular point in time.

3. Average velocity
Average velocity is the average displacement per unit time.

4. Instantaneous speed
(Instantaneous) speed is defined as the rate of change of distance.

5. Average speed
Average speed is the total distance covered per unit time.

6. Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

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Definitions – Dynamics

1. Mass
Mass is considered as a measure of inertia of a body.

2. Weight
When a mass is placed in a gravitational field, it experiences a gravitational force called weight.

3. Inertia
The property of a body to stay in a state of rest or uniform motion.

4. linear momentum
The momentum of a particle is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity.

5. Newton‟s 1st Law
Every object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless an external resultant force acts on it.

6. Newton‟s 2nd Law
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and takes place in the direction of the resultant force.

7. Newton‟s 3rd Law
Whenever a force acts on a body, an equal but oppositely directed force of the same kind acts on another body.

8. Net Force
The net Force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum of an object.

9. 1 Newton
It is the force required to give a freely moving body a rate of change of momentum of 1 kgms-2 in the direction of the force.
OR It is the force required to give a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1 ms-1 in the direction of the force.

10. Impulse
Impulse is the product of a force acting on an object and the time interval for which the force acts.

11. Elastic collision
A collision between two or more objects is considered to be elastic if the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved before and after the collision has taken place.

12. Inelastic collision
A collision between two or more objects is considered to be inelastic if the total kinetic energy of the system before and after the collision is not conserved.

13. Principle of Conservation of Momentum
If there is no resultant external force acting on a system of bodies, the total linear momentum of the system always remain constant.

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Definitions – Forces

1. Frictional force
Friction is the tangential force that occurs between two surfaces in contact with each other.

2. Normal Contact Force
Normal contact force is the normal (perpendicular) force that occurs between two surfaces in contact with each other.

3. Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity of a body is the single point at which the entire weight of the body appears to act.

4. Moment of a Force
The moment of a force about a pivot is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force

5. Couple
A couple consists of two forces, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction whose lines of action do not coincide.

6. Torque of a Couple
The torque of a couple is the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the forces.

7. Rotational Equilibrium
The principle of moments states that, for a body to be in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about any point must be equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same point.

8. Translational Equilibrium
An object in translational equilibrium has no resultant force acting on the object (no linear acceleration)

9. Upthrust
Upthrust is the upward buoyant force exerted by the fluid on the immersed object due to a difference in pressure experienced by the upper and lower surfaces of the object.

10. Archimedes‟ Principle
The upthrust acting on a body due to a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that it has displaced.

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Definitions – Circular Motion

1. Radian
One radian is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.

2. Angular velocity
The angular velocity is the angular speed in a given direction. Angular speed is defined as the angle swept out by the radius per second.

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Definitions – Work Done, Energy & Power

1.Work Done
Work is done when a force moves the point at which it acts (the point of application) in the direction of the force.

2.Potential energy
Potential energy is the ability of a body to do work due to its arrangement or position

3.Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy a body possesses due to its motion

4.Elastic Potential energy
Elastic potential energy is [the energy] stored in objects which have had their shape changed elastically.

5.Power
Power is the rate of doing work

6.1 Joule
1 joule is the amount of work done when a force of 1N moves its point of application through a distance of 1 m

7. Principle of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.

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Definitions – Gravitational Potential Energy

1. Newton‟s Law of Universal Gravitation
The gravitational force of attraction between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart.

2. Gravitational Field
A gravitational field is a region of space in which any mass placed inside it will experience a gravitational force.

3. Gravitational Field Strength
The gravitational field strength, g, at a point in a gravitational field is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass acting on a small mass placed at that point. [It is also equal to the negative of the gravitational potential gradient at that point.]

4. Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy U of a mass m at a point in a gravitational field is defined as the work done by an external agent in bringing a mass from infinity to that point.

5. Gravitational Potential
The gravitational potential at a point in a gravitational field is defined as the work done by an external agent per unit mass in moving a point mass from infinity to that point.

6. Geostationary Orbit
A geostationary orbit is one whereby the satellite appears stationary relative to a fixed point on the surface of the Earth.
Three mandatory conditions:
1. Orbital period = 24 hours
(in general, the period of rotation of the planet it is orbiting)
2. Satellite must orbit same direction as Earth‟s (West to East)
3. Must be directly above the equator

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Definitions – Electric Field

1. Electric Field
An electric field is a region of space in which an electric force is experienced by a stationary electric charge placed at any point within the region.

2. Coulomb‟s Law
The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

3. Electric Field Strength
The electric field strength (E) at a point in an electric field is defined as the electric force per unit positive charge experienced by a stationary charge placed at that point.

3. Electric Potential Energy
The electric potential energy at a point in an electric field is the work done by an external agent in bringing a point charge from infinity to that point. The potential energy at infinity is assigned a value of zero.

4. Electric Potential
The electric potential at a point in an electric field is the work done by an external agent per unit positive charge in bringing a point charge from infinity to that point. The potential at infinity is assigned a value of zero.

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Definitions – Oscillation

1. Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple harmonic motion is defined as the motion of a particle about a fixed point such that its acceleration a is directly proportional to its displacement x from the fixed point, and is always directed towards that point.

2. Displacement of oscillation
Displacement is the distance in a stated direction of the object from its equilibrium position.

3. Amplitude
Amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum displacement of the object from its equilibrium position.

4. Phase
Phase is a measure of the fraction of a cycle that has been completed by an oscillating particle or by a wave.

5. Phase difference
Phase difference between two particles along the wave is the fraction of a cycle by which one moves behind the other.
Phase difference between two waves is a measure how much one wave is out of step with another.

6. Period of oscillation
A period is the time taken for one complete oscillation.
Frequency of oscillation
The number of oscillations completed per unit time.

8. Angular frequency
The angular frequency is related to the frequency f of the oscillation by the expression ω = 2πf

9. Damped Oscillation
Oscillations in which the amplitude diminishes with time as a result of dissipative forces that reduces the total energy.

10. Forced Oscillation
Forced oscillations occur when a periodic driving force is applied to a system which is capable of vibration.

11. Resonance
When an oscillator is acted on by a periodic series of impulses having a frequency equal to the natural frequency of the driven oscillator, the driving oscillator transfers its energy to the oscillating system, the energy of the system becomes a maximum and the amplitude of oscillation is a maximum. This phenomenon is called resonance.

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Definitions –Wave

1. Progressive Wave
A wave in which energy is carried from one point to another by means of vibrations or oscillations within the wave.

2. Transverse wave
A wave in which the displacements of the particles in the wave are at right angles to the direction of transfer of the energy of the wave.

3. Longitudinal wave
A wave in which the displacements of the particles in the wave are along the direction of transfer of energy of the wave.

4. Wavelength
The shortest distance between two points on a progressive wave which are vibrating in phase, or the distance travelled by the wave energy during one complete oscillation of the source.

5. Speed of a wave
The distance travelled per unit time by the energy of the wave.

6. Period of a wave
The time for one oscillation of the source of the waves or of a particle in the wave.

7. Frequency of wave
The number of oscillations completed per unit time.

8. Displacement of a particle along a wave
The distance in a stated direction of a particle in the wave from its mean or equilibrium position.

9. Unpolarised Wave
An unpolarised transverse wave is one in which the particles‟ direction of vibration is changing all the time in a random manner.

10. Plane Polarized wave
When the plane of vibration of a transverse wave is fixed in one particular plane and is normal to the direction of energy transfer, the wave is said to be plane polarised.

11. Wavefront
A wave front is an imaginary surface or line joining points which are at the same phase.

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Superposition – Definitions

1. Principle of Superposition
When two or more waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement at that point is equal to the vector sum of the displacements due to the individual waves at that point.

2. Interference
An effect that occurs when two or more waves superpose to produce a new wave pattern.

3. Coherence
A term used to indicate that the phase difference between two waves remains constant and does not vary with time.

4. Stationary (or standing) waves
A wave in which vibrational energy is stored, rather than transmitted.

5. Nodes
Positions along a standing wave where the amplitude of vibration is zero.

6. Antinode
Positions along a standing wave where the amplitude of vibration is a maximum.

7. Diffraction
The spreading of waves at an edge or a slit so that the waves do not travel in straight lines.

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Current of Electricity – Definitions

1. Electric Current
Electric current at a particular point in a circuit is the rate of flow of charge past that point.

2. Electric Charge
Electric charge flowing past a point in a circuit over a time interval when there is a constant current through it, is the product of the current and the time interval.

3. 1 Coulomb
A charge of 1 coulomb is defined as the charge passing a point in a circuit when there is a constant current of 1 ampere for a time of 1 second.

4. Potential difference
The potential difference between two points in a circuit is the amount of electrical energy converted to other forms of energy per unit charge when the charge passes from one point to another.

5. 1 Volt
One volt is defined as the potential difference between 2 points in a circuit in which 1 joule of electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy when a charge of 1 coulomb passes from one point to the other.

6. Resistance
It is the ratio of the potential difference across the conductor to the current through the conductor

7. 1 Ohm
1 ohm () is the resistance of a conductor when the ratio of potential difference across the conductor to the current in it is 1 volt per ampere.

8. Ohm‟s Law
Ohm‟s law states that under constant physical conditions (i.e. temperature, mechanical stress, etc.) the steady current flowing through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it.

9. Electromotive force
E.m.f. of a source is defined as the amount of energy converted from other forms to electrical energy per unit charge when the source drives the charge round a complete circuit.

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Direct Current – Definitions

1. Series circuit
A series circuit is one in which the same current flows through every part of the circuit

2. Parallel arrangement
Different parts of a circuit are considered parallel to one another if they have the same value of potential difference across them.

3. Potential Divider
A potential divider circuit consists of two or more resistors connected in series with an emf source. The potential difference across each resistor depends on the ratio of its resistance value to the total resistance value in the circuit.

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Electromagnetism – Definitions

1. Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is a region of space in which a magnetic material, a current-carrying conductor or a moving charge located in it will experience a force.

2. Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic flux density is defined as the force per unit length per unit current acting on a conductor carrying a current placed at right angle to the magnetic field.
(It is a vector quantity.)

3. 1 Tesla
A tesla is the uniform magnetic flux density which when acting at right angle to a straight conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere produces a force per unit length of 1 Newton per metre on the conductor.

4. Right Hand Grip Rule
It relates the direction of current to the direction of the magnetic field that it generates (i.e. its own magnetic field).

5. Fleming‟s Left Hand Rule
It relates the direction of the force acting on a current carrying conductor to the direction of the current and the direction of the external (applied) magnetic field.

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Electromagnetic Induction – Definitions

1. Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux  is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the area that is perpendicular to the field through the field is passing. (It is a scalar quantity.)

2. 1 Weber
1 weber (Wb) is the magnetic flux when a magnetic field of flux density 1T passes perpendicularly through an area of 1m2. ( =BA cos)

3. Magnetic Flux Linkage
The product, in a coil, of the magnetic flux passing through the coil and the number of turns of the coil.

4. Faraday‟s Law
Faraday’s Law states that the magnitude of the induced emf  in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux-linkage or to the rate of cutting of magnetic flux.

4. Lenz‟s Law
Lenz‟s Law states that the direction of the induced electromotive force is such it produces effects to oppose the change causing it.

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Thermodynamics – Definitions

1. Avogadro Constant
Avogadro constant is the number of atoms present in exactly 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

2. Mole
The mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of entities (atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

3. Ideal Gas
A gas which obeys the gas laws at all values of pressure, volume and temperature.

4. Thermal Equilibrium
Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when there is no net transfer of thermal energy between them when they are in thermal contact.

5. Heat (or Thermal) Capacity
Thermal capacity of a body is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of the whole body by one kelvin.

6. Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity of a substance is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one kelvin.

7. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
The specific latent heat of fusion is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to convert unit mass of the solid to liquid without any change in temperature.

8. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization
The specific latent heat of vaporization is numerically equal to the quantity of thermal energy required to convert unit mass of the liquid to vapour without any change in temperature.

9. Internal Energy of a substance
The internal energy of a substance is the sum of the random kinetic energy and the potential energy of the atoms or molecules of the substance.

10. First Law of Thermodynamics
The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the work done on the system and the heating of the system.

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