O Level – Physics

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Please post your O Level Physics questions here

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[Natasha Tai Qian HuiParticipant]

Please help me fill in the following:
choices are:
beaker, conical flask, test tube, flat-bottomed flask, crucible, boiling tube, pipette, evaporating dish, filter funnel, measuring cylinder, bell jar, wire gauze, gas jar, water trough, retort stand, round-bottomed flask, tripod and cuvette

1) To store and to transfer chemicals (not meant for measuring accurate volume of liquid
2) to contain or heat a small amount of solid substances
3) to contain or heat a small amount of solid and liquid substances
4) to heat solids directly over a flame
5) to evaporate liquids (my answer: evaporating dish)
6)to help transfer chemicals into apparatus with small opening. To separate a solid from a liquid with the help of a filter paper. (My answer: filter funnel)
7) To measure a specific volume of liquid
8) To measure very accurately a specific volume of liquid (eg. 25.0 cm3, 50.0 cm3)
9) to collect gases (my answer: gas jar)
10) to isolate an experiment set up from the outside experiment (my answer: bell jar)
11) To support apparatus during heating (my answer: retort stand)
12) to support a container (such as beaker or flask) during heating. When the Bunsen Burner flame is beneath it, the wire gauze helps to spread the flame (and heat) out evenly over the container.
13) To hold/support apparatus during experiment
14) For mixing and swirling chemiclas. To store chemicals (my answer: conical flask)
15) For heating liquids and to prepare gases when heating is required (my answer: round-bottomed flask).
16) To store liquids and to prepare gases when heating is not required
17) To contain water (eg. while collecting gases by displacement of water)
18) to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments

I can only answer some but mostly I am not sure. Pls help. I need to submit this assignment by tomorrow.

Thanks, Natasha

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O level Physics Tuition Singapopre/Physics Tuiton/Physics Tutor

1 beaker, 2 test tube, 3 boiling tube ,4 crucible, 5 evaporating dish, 6 filter funnel,7 measuring cylinder , 8 pipette – specific volume 25.0 ,9 gas jar, 10 bell jar, 11 wire gauge,12 tripod ,13 retort stand,14 conical flask,15 round-bottomed flask , 16 flat-bottomed flask, 17 water trough, 18 cuvette

[Natasha Tai Qian HuiParticipant]

Thanks!
Natasha

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O-Level Singapore/O-Level Physics Tuition/Physics Tutor

Common Mistakes in O-level Physics
•Wrong substitutions
•Answers without appropriate working
•Missing units
•Significant figures
•Vague answers
•Irrelevant answers

To excel in O-level Physics, you have to avoid common mistakes make in O-level Physics. Our O-level Physics tutors are able to guide you along to ace in Physics.

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Measurements – Key Concepts

1) Metre rule range is several centimetres to one metre, precision 1 mm
2) Tape measure range is several metres, precision 1 mm
3) Vernier capilers range between 1 cm to 10 cm, precision 0.1 mm
4) Micrometer screw gauge < 1 cm, precision 0.01mm

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Kinematics – Key Concepts

1. Speed is the distance moved per unit time
2. Velocity is the change of displacement per unit time
3. Acceleation is the change of velocity per unit time
4. The gradient of the tangent at a point on the distance-time graph gives the instantaneous speed
5. The gradient of the tangent at a point on the speed-time graph gives the instantaneous accleration.
6. The area under the speed-time graph is the total distance travelled.
7. When air resistance is negilible, all objects fall under gravity with a constant accleration 10 ms-2
8. When there is air resistance, falling object will experiences deceleration until it reaches a terminal velocity. This happens when the weight of the object is equal to the air resistance

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Forecs – Key Concepts

1. A force is a push or pull that one object exerts on another
2. SI unit of force is Newton – N
3. A scalar quantity has magnitude only
4. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction.
5. When two or more forces acting on an object, the resultant is the vector sum of all the forces
6. Netwon’s 1st law states that every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it to change its states.
7. Netwon’s 2nd law F = ma

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Mass, Weight and Density – Key Concepts

1. Mass is a measure of the amount of substances in an object
2. Inertia is tendency of any object to resist change in its state of rest
3. Gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences the gravitational force of attraction.
4. Weight of the object will change as the gravitational field strength varies in different planets.
5. W = mg
6. Density = Mass/Volume

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Turning Effect of Forces – Key Concepts

1) The Principle of Moments states when a body is in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about a pivot is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise monents about the same points.
2) When applying the Principle of Moments to solve problems, the following steps will be helpful.

Step 1
Draw a simple model to help you see the problem better.

Step 2
Find the pivot

Step 3
Identify all forces, including their directions and distances from the pivot.

Step 4
If the system is in equilibrium, apply the Principle of Moments.

From O Level Physics Tutor

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Energy, Work and Power – Key Concepts

1 Work done W by a constant force F is given by the product of the force F and the distance s moved in the direction of the force
ie W = F x s

2. SI unit for work done is joule – J

3. No work done when the direction of the applied force and the direction of in which the object moves are perpendicular to one another.

4. Kinematic energy KE = 1/2 x mass x velocity ^2

5. Potential energy PE = mass x g x height

6. Power = work done / time

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Pressure – Key Concepts

1. Pressure is force per unit area P = Force/Area

2. SI unit for pressure Nm-2 or Pa

3. Pressure due to liquid = density liquid x height of liquid x 10

From O Level Physics Tutor

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Temperature – Key Concepts

1. Temperature is a measure of the degree of ‘hotness’ or ‘coldness’ of a body.

2. Heat is thermal energy that is being transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.

3. A thermometer uses the physical properties of thermometric substances to measure temperature.

4. A fixed point is a standard degree of hotness or coldness such as the boiling point or melting point of a substance.

5. Fixed points are used to set up temperature scale.

From O Level Physics Tutor

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Thermal Properties of Matter – Key Concepts

1. Internal energy is made up of kinetic energy and potential energy.

2. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in kinetic energy component of the internal energy.

3. Heat capacity C is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1 K (or 1 deg C).

4. Heat capacity depends on the mass and the material of the object.

5. The specific heat capacity c is defined as the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg (unit mass) of a material by 1 K or 1 deg C.

6 For the same amount of thermal energy supplied, materials of lower specific heat capacity will heat up to a higher temperature than materials with a higher specific heat capacity.

From O Level Physics Tutor

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Lights – Key Concepts

Laws of Reflection:
1st Law of Reflection
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface all lie in the same plane.

2nd Law of Reflection
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror

The image is of the same size as the object.
It undergoes lateral inversion.
It is upright.
*It is virtual
*The distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror.

Constructing Ray Diagrams

1. Ray diagrams are used to locate the position of a mirror image.
2. Some applications of mirrors include the periscope, for observing blind corners and avoiding parallax error on instrument scales.

Refraction at Plane Surfaces

Refraction occurs because the speed of light changes when travelling through different optical media.
The two Laws of Refraction are:
The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane.
For two particular media,

Sin i/ Sin r = Constant

where i is the angle of incidence in air.
where r is the angle of refraction in the medium.

Total Internal Reflection

Total internal reflection takes place only when light travels from optical denser to a less dense medium.
The critical angle c is the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium at which the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90°.
The critical angle c is given by Sin c = 1/n

Converging Lens

Lenses are used to converge and diverge a beam of light.
The main features of a thin converging lens are:
Optical centre C
Focal point F
Focal length f
Principal axis

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